8P1 


Ml!k2? 


IbI 






ciass S Fqo r 



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Book._ 



Copyright "N?. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 




PROF. GEORGE EX RICH. 



The last Census Report by the United States Government puts 
the "Horse Population" of the United States at 



Twenty -seven Million (27,000,000) 



Or about one-third as many as there are people, and averaging 

only three members to a family enough to supply every 

family in the United States with one horse. 



Statistics further show that out 
of these twenty - seven million 
horses 90 Per Cent, of all the 
horses in use Are Lame, that 
80 Per Cent, of the lameness 
is in Their Feet, and that 85 
Per Cent, of the lameness in 
the Feet Is Due, and directly 
Traceable to 



DRY, HARD, BRITTLE, 

and 

CONTRACTED FE.ET 



k Practical and Scientific Treatise. 

GIVING IMPROVED METHODS OF SHOEING, WITH 

SPECIAL DIRECTIONS FOR SHAPING SHOES 

TO CURE DIFFERENT DISEASES OF THE 

FOOT, AND FOR THE CORRECTION OF 

FAULTY ACTION IN TROTTERS. 



BY 



PROF. GEO. E. RICH 



ILLUSTRATED. 



AKRON, OHIO 
THE COMMERCIAL PRINTING CO. 

1907 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS) 

Two Copies Reeeivea 



NOV 21 (90? 

Copyrifnt tntry 

CLASS GL, XXC. No, 

/93 Of? 

\ COPY S. 






Copyright, 1907 
By GEORGE E. RICH. 



PREFACE. 



^n presenting this work to the horse-shoeing" fraternity, 
the author desires to state that the illustrations and de- 
scriptions of shoes furnished do not represent impracticable 
theories, but are the result of long years of experience. 
Every one of the shoes described has been tested and found 
to do the work claimed for it. His object in bringing out 
this book is to elevate the practice of horse-shoeing and 
instruct those who desire instruction, as to the best methods 
of shoeing. He does not claim that the book is free from 
imperfections, but asks his readers not to condemn his 
methods without first giving them a thorough trial. 



INTRODUCTION. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PROF. GEO. E. RICH. 

The publisher of this work has felt that the many friends 
of Prof. Geo. E. Rich, as well as those who are likely to be- 
come his friends from the perusal of this book, would be 
glad to know something- of his early history and to see a 
portrait of the man who has achieved such success as a 
practical horse-shoer and lecturer on the anatomy of the 
horse's foot. Prof. Rich was born in the village of Leona, 
Bradford Co., Pa., in the year 1847. His father was a 
blacksmith, and young" George commenced helping- him in 
his shop when he had to stand on a wooden box in the front 
of the anvil in order to wield his sledg-e successfully. 

He beg-an to shoe horses, when he was eleven years of 
age, in the village of Roseville, Pa., and worked in that 
place until he was fourteen years old. From there he went 
to Washington, D. C, and followed his trade of horse- 
shoer at the corner of I and 24th streets, shoeing large 
numbers of horses for the Government. Thence, after 
about a year, he went to Dunkirk, N". Y., and from there to 
Elmira, working in each place for several years. He after- 
wards worked for a couple of years in Tioga Co., Pa., as 
well as in Harrisburg. 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

From there he went to Baltimore, where he succeeded in 
getting a position in one of the best shops in that city. 
Being anxious to learn all he could in regard to horse-shoe- 
ing he worked for three dollars a week, and paid three dol- 
lars and a half a week for his board, but while working in 
this shop he made rapid advances in the art of horse-shoe- 
ing. 

By a happy circumstance he made the acquaintance of 
Profs. Rockwell and Hurlburt, the former the inventor of 
the celebrated Rockwell Bit. Both these gentlemen were 
expert horse trainers. Mr. Rich worked for them for fifty 
cents a day. He had shod horses then for about ten years, 
but notwithstanding all this experience he could only make 
one kind of shoe, and fully realized that he had a great deal 
yet to learn about horse-shoeing. 

When Mr. Rich first began work for Rockwell and Hurl- 
burt they insisted upon his studying the anatomy and 
structure of the horse's foot, claiming that he could not 
shoe horses properly without understanding all about the 
foot he was manipulating. Of course it was very hard 
work, and he thought it more of a nuisance than anything 
else, but Prof. Rockwell insisted that he would not be fit to 
shoe a horse until he had mastered all these points. Be- 
fore he left Mr. Rockwell he was getting three dollars a 
day, which was quite an improvement over the fifty cents a 
day with which he had started. 

Mr. Rockwell taught him how to make quite a number of 
different kinds of shoes for different diseases of the foot. 
He has kept adding to these, for different purposes, until 
now he makes fifty-three different kinds of shoes, each one 



INTRODUCTION i 

adapted to some different condition of the foot, and design- 
ed either for curing some disease or for correcting some 
fault in gait. 

During the past five years Mr. Rich has shod, probably, 
twenty-five hundred horses of all kinds, sound, lame and 
crippled . 

He is now traveling, accompanied by several assistants, 
giving lectures in important towns in New York State 
and Pennsylvania. After explaining in one of his lectures 
all about the structure of the foot and how horses ought to 
be shod, he is called upon to shoe a great many horses who 
have been more or less injured by bad shoeing, and in near- 
ly every instance he succeeds in accomplishing what is 
regarded by ordinary blacksmiths as wonders. 

Of course he has now reached a point where he is, 
pecuniarily speaking, doing well, but he derives full as 
much satisfaction from the knowledge that his efforts to 
ameliorate the condition of that noble animal, the horse, are 
appreciated, as from any gain which comes to him from his 
work. He is acting in the capacity of a missionary 
among horse-shoers, and is teaching hundreds of them, 
who have previous^ had but crude notions about the art, 
how to shoe horses artistically and scientifically. 



Artistic Horse-shoeing, 



CHAPTER I. 

ANCIENT HORSE-SHOEING. 



Horse-shoeing- lias been practiced in one form or another 
ever since the horse in remote ages was ta med and sub- 
dued for the uses of man. At first the shoes were doubt- 
less constructed of raw hides, and extended sufficiently 
high on the hoof to admit of being- fastened around it in 
some way. When man learned to convert iron ore into 
iron that, by the aid of fire, could be forged into any shape 
desired, it soon occurred to some inventive mind that shoes 
might be fashioned of iron and nailed to the horse's foot in 
some way. The man to conceive the idea of nailing shoes 
to the feet was doubtless the first one who had ever under- 
taken to study the anatomy of the foot. The idea, perhaps, 
may have been suggested by examining some old foot that 
in the process of decay of the animal to which it belonged, 
had naturally, on account of its hard substance, survived 
longer than the flesh or even the bones. This primitive 
anatomist saw that if care were taken a nail could be 
driven into the hoof without touching- any sensitive point, 



10 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

and then if this nail was clinched it would hold the irou 
shoe on the foot. No improvement over this system o) 
fastening- has been made, but vast improvements have been 
made in the nails by which the shoes are driven on, and 
also in the shoes themselves. 

The horse, in a state of nature, requires no shoes. 
The natural growth of the hoof is sufficient to take the 
place of any ordinary wear, such as a horse would be 
subjected to in the process of hunting for its food in a wild 





Fig. 1.— Ancient Arabian Shoe. Fig. 2.— Modern Arabian Shoe. 

state. When brought into the service of man, and com- 
pelled to use his feet on hard roads or pavements, the hoof 
of course naturally wears away rapidly. To prevent this 
wear the horse is shod, and the original idea of a shoe was 
simply to prevent the hoof wearing" away. 

To give the reader of this volume an opportunity to com- 
pare modern horse-shoes with man's first idea of a horse- 
shoe we present herewith several illustrations of shoes such 
as the Arabs and other European nations used centuries 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



11 



ag-o. Fig. 1 shows an ancient Arabian shoe, while Fig-. 2 
shows a modern Arabian shoe. It will be seen that very 
little progress has apparently been made in the East in 
shoeing- horses since iron was first introduced for horse- 





Fig. 3.— Showing the Method of 
Fastening Arabian Shoes to the 
Foot. 



Fig. 4. — Modern Portuguese 
Horse-shoe. 




Fig. 5.— Modern Persian 
Horse-shoe. 




Fig. 6.— Modern Moorish 
Horse-shoe. 



shoes. These Arabian shoes are simply pieces of sheet- 
iron stamped out to conform to a special pattern. The 
method of fastening- these shoes to the feet will be found 
illustrated in Fig-. 3. Even at this time the Moors, Per- 
sians and Portug-uese use forms of horse-shoes in no essen- 
tial particular an improvement over the ancient Arabian 



12 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

shoes. Fig. 4 represents a modern Portug-uese shoe. Fig. 
5 a Persian shoe, while Fig. 6 shows a Moorish shoe. An 
inspection of these crude specimens of horse-shoes will be 
likely to suggest to the thoughtful reader that the people 
of the East are by no means either inventive or progres- 
sive. Placed alongside of modern horse-shoes these ancient 
samples present a rather sorry appearance. In Fig". 7 will 




Fig. 7.— Old English Shoe in Use in the 18th Century. 

be seen the form of the old English horse-shoe used, 
according to Mayhew, an English authority, at the com- 
mencement of the 18th century. In comparison- with the 
Arabian and Moorish or Persian shoes this old English 
shoe presents several important improvements. Instead of 
being fastened by the method employed by the Arabs the 
old English shoe was evidently nailed on the foot the same 
as shoes are fastened on now. But to the horse-shoer of 
Hiat time it appeared necessary to employ many more nails 
than are now considered essential. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 13 



CHAPTER II. 

ANATOMY OF THE FOOT. 

If shoeing is not properly done it produces many diseases 
of the foot. 

It is easily possible to ruin a good horse in a very short 
time by bad shoeing. It is also possible when a horse is 
lame from any cause to, in a measure, remove this lameness, 
and sometimes to entirely cure it by proper shoeing. No 
man can shoe a horse properly who does not understand 
all about the anatomical construction of his feet and legs. 
He must know how many bones there are in the foot, exact- 
ly where they are located, and what their uses are. 

How many blacksmiths or horse-shoers are sufficiently 
familiar with the foot of a horse to describe the location of 
the different bones and give their technical names ? It is 
safe to predict that only a small percentage could accom- 
plish this feat, simple as it is. 

We frequently hear horse-shoers claiming to understand 
tlie art in all its bearings, who could not even describe the 
shape of the coffin-bone, or tell where it was located. The 
author does not propose in this treatise to go into an ex- 
tensive explanation of the anatomy of the foot, his object 
simply being to describe the different bones and tendons in 
such a way that the whole matter may be easily compre- 
hended by anybody. 



1* ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

As the work of the shoer is confined solely to the hoof it 
is essential that he should understand its construction. It 
consists first of the Wall or Crust, the Sole, Frog- and 
coronary Frog- Band. 

The Wall is that portion of the front and sides of the 
foot from the coronet to the ground. It is through the wall 
that the shoer drives his nails, and it is upon the wall that 
the shoe rests. 

Fleming, a noted authority on horse-shoeing, says in his 
description of the wall : "The inner face of its upper edge 
is hollowed out in a somewhat wide concavity which 
receives, or rather in which rests, the coronary cushion. 
This concavity is chiefly remarkable for being pierced 
everywhere by countless minute openings which penetrate 
the substance of the wall to a considerable depth. Each of 
these perforations receives one of the ' villi ' or minute tufts of 
blood vessels already mentioned as prolonged from the face 
of the membrane covering the interior of the foot. Below 
this concavity, which receives a large share of the horse's 
weight, the wall is of about equal thickness from top to 
bottom. On the whole of its inner surface are ranged 
thin, narrow, vertical, horny plates, in number correspond- 
ing jo the vascular laminae, between which they are so inti- 
mately received or dove-tailed (a horny leaf between two 
vascular ones) that in the living or flesh sides it is almost 
impossible to disunite without tearing them. The inner 
face of the lower margin is united in a solid manner to the 
horny sole through the medium of a narrow band of soft, 
light colored horn, situated between the two, which we may 
call the * white line' or 'zone.' " 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 



1; 



The dimensions of the wall vary in different situations. 
In front it is deepest, but toward the quarters and heels it 
diminishes and becomes thinner ; at its angles of inflection 
(the points of the heels) it is strong. This structure is 
fibrous, the fibres pass directly parallel to each other from 
the coronet to the ground, each fibre being moulded on, as 
it is secreted, by one of the minute tufts of blood vessels 
lodged in the cavity at the coronet. 

Fig. 8 shows the different kinds of horn of which the 
horse's hoof is made up. a, a, is the wall: the outer or dark 




Fig. 8. 



portion constitutes the crust of the wall; b, is the light col- 
ored or yielding horn of the sole; c, is the elastic horn of 
the frog. 

Next we have to consider the Horny Sole, and the same 
authority describes it as being "contained within the lower 
margin of the wall and is a concave plate covering the low- 
er face of the pedal bone." In structure it is fibrous like the 
wall, the fibres passing in the same direction, and are form- 
ed in the same manner by the tufts of blood vessels project- 
ed from the membrane which immediately covers the bone. 



16 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

These tufts penetrate the horny fibres the same depth as 
in the wall, maintaining- them in a moist, supple condition, 
such as best fits them for their office. The sole is thickest 
around its outer border where it joins the wall, thinnest in 
the centre, where it is most concave. A peculiarity of this 
part of the hoof is its tendency to break off in flakes on 
the ground face when the fibres have attained a certain 
length. The wall, on the contrary, continues to grow in 
length to an indefinite extent, and unless kept within rea- 
sonable dimensions by continual wear or the instruments 
of the farrier, would in time acquire an extraordinary dis- 
tortion. 

The Horny Sole for this reason is less dense and resist- 
ing than that of the "Wall," and is designed more to sup- 
port weight than to stand wear. 

The same authority, in describing- the Horny Frog, states 
that it " is an exact reduplication of that within the hoof 
described as the sensitive or fatty frog. It is pyramidal 
in shape, and is situated at the back part of the hoof within 
the bars, with its point of apex extending- forward to the 
centre of the sole, and its base or thickest portion fill- 
ing up the wide space left between the inflexions of the 
wall. In the middle of the posterior part is a cleft, which 
in the healthy state should not be deep, but rather shallow 
and sound on its surface. 

"In structure, this body is also fibrous, the fibres pass- 
ing in the same direction as those of the other portions of 
the hoof ; but, instead of being quite rectilinear like them, 
they are wavy or flexuous in their course, and present some 
microscopical peculiarities which, though interesting to the 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 17 

comparative anatomist, need not be alluded to here. The 
fibres are finer than those of the sole and wall, and are 
composed of cells arranged in the same manner as else- 
where in the hoof ; they are formed by the villi which thickly 
stud the face of the membrane covering- the sensitive frog-. 

/'The substance of the horny frog- is eminently elastic, 
and corresponds in the closest manner to the dense, elastic, 
epidermic pads on the soles of the feet of such animals as 
the camel, elephant, .lion, bear, dog, cat, etc., and which 
are evidently designed for contact with the ground, the 
support and protection of the tendons that flex the foot, to 
facilitate the springy movements of these creatures, and 
for the prevention of jar and injury to the limbs. 

"In the horse ; s foot, the presence of this thick, com- 
pressible, and supple mass of horn at the back of the hoof, 
its being in a healthy unmutilated condition, and permitted 
to reach the ground while the animal is standing- or 
moving, are absolutely essential to the well-being- of that 
organ, more especially should speed, in addition to weig-ht- 
carrying, be exacted. 

" The frog, like the sole, exfoliates or becomes reduced in 
thickness at a certain stage of its growth ; the flakes are 
more cohesive than those of the sole. 

" It must be remarked, however, that this exfoliation of 
the sole and frog only takes place when the more recently- 
formed horn beneath has acquired sufficient hardness and 
density to sustain contract with the ground, and exposure 
to the effects of heat, dryness and moisture. 

"The 'Coronary Frog- Band,' or 'Periople,' is a con- 
tinuation of the more superficial layer of the skin around 



18 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

the coronet and heels, in the form of a thin, light-colored 
band that descends to a variable depth on the outer surface 
of the wall, and at the back part of the hoof becomes con- 
solidated with the frog", with which it is identical in struct- 
ure and texture. It can be readily perceived in the hoof 
that has not been mutilated by the farrier's rasp, extend- 
ing from the coronet, where the hair ceases, to some dis- 
tance down the hoof ; it is thickest at the commencement of 
the wall, and gradually thins away into the finest imagin- 
able film as it approaches the lower circumference of this 
part. When wet it swells and softens, and on being dried 
shrinks, sometimes cracks in its more dependent parts, or 
becomes scaly. 

" The fibres composing it are very fine and wavy, as in 
the frog ; they likewise spring from villi which project 
from the true skin immediately above the * coronary cush- 
ion.' 

" The use of this band would to be twofold : it connects 
the skin with the hoof, and thus makes the union of these 
two dissimilar textures more complete, its intermediate 
degree of density and its great elasticity admirably fitting 
it for this office ; and it acts as a covering or protection to 
the wall at its upper part, where this is only in process of 
formation, and has not sufficient resistance to withstand 
the effects of exposure to the weather. The greatest thick- 
ness and density of the band correspond to the portion of 
the wall in which the villi or vascular tufts are lodged , and 
here the horn is soft, delicate, and readily acted upon in an 
injurious manner, by external influences. 

" Thus far, then, we have rapidly glanced at the anat- 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 19 

omy and uses of the various parts entering- into the com- 
position of the horse's foot, and its horny box — the hoof. 
It may be necessary, before we pass to the consideration of 
the latter, as a whole, to allude to the structure and uses 
of that narrow strip of horn, whose presence every farrier 
or veterinary surgeon is cognizant of, but whose character 
and functions have been strangely left out of consider- 
ation by all anatomists hitherto. I refer to the l white 
line' or 'zone,' the slender intermediate band that runs 
around the margin of the sole, and connects that plate of 
horn so closely to the wall as to make their union particu- 
larly solid and complete. When preparing the border of 
the hoof for the reception of the shoe, this part is easily 
distinguished by its lighter color (in a dark hoof), and by 
its being softer and more elastic than either the sole or 
wall, between which it is situated. It would appear to 
be secreted by the villi which terminate the lower end of 
the vascular laminae, and the horny leaves of the wall are 
also received into its substance — a circumstance that ren- 
ders the junction of the two more thorough. I think there 
can be no doubt that the principal use of this elastic rim of 
horn placed in such a situation, is to obviate the danger of 
fracture to which the inferior part of the hoof — particular- 
ly the sole — would be liable, if the junction between the 
hard and comparatively inelastic sole and wail was direct- 
ly effected without the interposition of such a body. 

"It may be noted, that it is through this soft border of 
horn that gravel and foreign matters usually find their 
way to the sensitive parts of the foot, and there excite such 
an amount of irritation as to lead to the formation of 



20 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

matter, and cause much pain and lameness; an accident 
which the older farriers termed 'gravelling.' 

"In viewing the horse's hoof as a whole, and in the un- 
shod state, we find that it presents several salient charac- 
teristics, the consideration of which ought to dominate or 
serve as a guide in framing rules for the observance of far- 
riers in the practice of their art. The first of these is the 
direction in which the wall grows in a healthy condition. ' 

" Viewed as it stands on a level surface, the hoof may 
said to he somewhat conical in shape, its upper part being 
a little less than its base ; and although, geometrically, its 
shape may be described as the frustum of a cone, the base 
and summit of which have been cut by two oblique planes 
— the inferior converging abruptly behind toward the su- 
perior — yet the circumference of the hoof does not offer that 
regularity which this description might imply ; on the con- 
tary, in a well-formed foot, we find that the outline of its 
inferior or ground border is notably more salient on the 
outer than the inner side, giving it that appearance which 
has been designated the < spread.' 

" A cone being intersected by two planes oblique to its 
axis, and not parallel to each other, gives a good idea, 
nevertheless, of the obliquity which forms so marked a feat- 
ure in the hoof. The degree of obliquity of the front part 
or toe, and of the upper surface, varies with the amount of 
growth ; but where this has been counterbalanced by a 
proper degree of wear, it will be remarked that this obliqui- 
ty corresponds to the inclination of the pastern-bones im- 
mediately above the hoof, when the horse is standing-. 
" It will be obvious that this inclination also varies with 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 21 

the breeding* of the animal, and the conformation of the 
limbs ; so that no definite degree can be assigned. But it 
must be pointed out, that giving the angle of 45°, as is 
done in almost every treatise on shoeing and the anatomy 
of the foot, is a grave error. Looked at in profile, a hoof 
with this degree of obliquity would at once be pronounced 
a deformity, and if the farrier were to attempt to bring 
every foot he shod to this standard, he would inflict serious 
injury, not only on the foot itself, but also on the back ten- 
dons and the joints of the limbs. Careful measurement 
will prove that the obliquity of the front of the hoof is 
rarely, if ever, in a well-shaped leg or foot, above 50°, and 
that it is, in the great majority of cases, nearer 56°. The 
sides or ' quarters' of the wall are less inclined— though the 
outer is generally more so than the inner; while the heels 
are still more vertical, and the inner may even incline 
slightly inward. Viewed in profile, the posterior face of 
the hoof will be observed to have the same degree of slope 
as the front face. In height, the heels are usually a little 
more than one-half that of the toe ; both heels are equal in 
height. 

" These features, as will be seen hereafter, are sufficient- 
ly important to be constantly remembered. The other 
characteristics are to be found on the lower or ground face 
of the hoof — the most important, so far as the farrier's art 
is concerned. 

"In a natural condition, the whole, or nearly the whole 
of this face comes into contact with the ground, each part 
participating more or less in sustaining the weight thrown 
upon the limb. On soft or uneven soil, the entire lower 



22 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

border of the wall, the sole, bars, and frog, are subjected 
to contact ; Nature intended them to meet the ground, and 
there sustain the animal's weight, as well as the force of 
its impelling powers. But on hard or rocky land with a 
level surface, only the dense, tough crust and bars, the 
thick portion of the sole surrounded by them, and the elas- 
tic, retentive frog, meet the force of the weight and move- 
ment ; and, in both cases, not only with impunity, but with 
advantage to the interior of the foot, as well as the limb. 
The horn on this face is, as has been said, dense, tough, 
and springy to a degree varying with the parts of which it 
is composed; while its fibres are not only admirably dis- 
posed to support weight, secure a firm grasp of the ground 
and aid the movements of the limbs, but are also an excel- 
lent medium for modifying concussion or jar to the sensi- 
tive and vascular structure in their vicinity. 

" The whole circumference of the wall meets the ground, 
and from the disposition of its fibres, the arrangement of 
the cells which enter into their composition, and its rigid- 
ity, it is admirably fitted to resist wear and sustain press- 
ure. It projects more or less beyond the level of the sole, 
and the space measured between the white zone within it 
and its outer surface gives its exact thickness. This is a 
fact not without interest to the farrier in the operation of 
attaching the shoe by nails, as these have to be driven 
only through this dense horn — which in good hoofs cannot 
be said to much exceed half an inch in thickness — and in 
proportion to its thinness is the necessity for carefulness 
and address on his part, in order to guard against wound- 
ing or bruising the sensitive textures. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 23 

" The sole is more or less concave from its junction with 
the wall ; nevertheless, even on moderately firm ground, a 
portion of its circumference, which is generally the thick- 
ness of the wall, takes a share in relieving* the latter of 
pressure. This is also a fact to be borne in mind. In soft 
ground, the whole of its lower surface is made to aid in 
sustaining the weight and prevent the foot sinking. But 
it must be noted that the pressure of the lower face of the 
pedal bone on the upper surface of the sole can never be 
very great, else the sensitive membrane between them 
would be seriously injured. This injury is prevented hy 
the coronary, and, to a lesser extent, by the plantar cush- 
ion, which largely retard the descent of the bone on the 
floor of the horny box. 

"The frog, on both hard and soft ground, is an essential 
portion of the weight-bearing face. In the unshod, healthy 
foot it always projects beyond the level of the sole, and sel- 
dom below that of the wall at the heels; indeed, it is found, 
in the majority of hoofs, either on a level with the circum- 
ference of this part, or beyond it, so that its contact with 
the ground is assured. Hence its utility in obviating con- 
cussion, supporting the tendons, and, on slippery ground, 
in preventing falls. In pulling up a horse sharply in the 
gallop, or in descending a steep hill, the frog, together with 
the angular recess formed by the bar and wall at the heel 
of the hoof, are eminently serviceable in checking the tend- 
ency to slip; the animal instinctively plants the posterior 
portions of the foot exclusively on the ground. 

" Dark hoofs are generally the best ; they owe their color 
to the presence of minute particles of black pigment, which 



24 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




Fig. 9. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 25 

contains a notable proportion of iron, and are somewhat 
resisting' and indestructible. 

" A good hoof should have the wall unbroken, its outer 
face smooth and even ; the angle at the front not less than 
50°— the lower or ground face of the front hoof should be 
nearly circular in outline — the sole slightly concave at the 
circumference, deeper at the centre; the border of the wall 
ought to be thick at the toe, gradually thinning toward 
the heels, but at the inflexion or commencement of the bar 
a strong- mass of horn should be found ; the bars should be 
free from fracture, and the frog- moderately developed, firm 
and solid. 

" The hind foot should possess the same soundness of 
horn, though it differs from the fore hoof in being more 
oval in outline from the toe to the heels ; the sole is also 
more concave, the frog smaller, and the heels not so high. 
The horn is usually less hard and resisting- — a circum- 
stance perhaps due to the hind feet being more frequently 
exposed to humidity in the stable than the fore ones." 

VIEW OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT. 

Fig. 9 shows a foot from which the skin and flesh have 
been taken and gives a view of the exact location of the 
bones. A, represents the upper pastern ; B, the lower past- 
ern ; and C,the coffin-bone. 

Now in order that all the bones and joints should work 
properly it is necessary to keep the foot at an angle of about 
50 to 56 degrees. If we get the heel too high it is just as 
bad as it is to get it too low. Therefore particular pains 



ARTISTIC HORSE- SHOEIxXG. 




FIG. 10. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 27 

should be taken in leveling the foot in all cases so as not to 
allow the horse to rock one way or the other. 

SECTIONAL VIEW OF FOOT AND LEG. 

Fig-. 10 represents a sectional view of the foot and a por- 
tion of the leg- of a horse. A, shows the cannon-bone at the 
fetlock joint; B, is the upper pastern ; while C, is the coro- 
nary or lower pastern bone ; D, is the coffin-bone ; E, the 
navicular or nut bone ; F, represents one of the sesamoid 
bones ; G, the sensitive frog- ; H, the sensitive sole ; i, the 
horny sole ; J, the outside crust or wall ; K, the sensitive 
laminae ; L, the main cord or tendon that runs up and down 
the back of the leg ; M, shows the tendon of the extensor 
muscle of the foot and coronary bones. It can be readily 
seen by a careful examination of this illustration that it 
is absolutely necessary to keep the foot at a certain angle 
or slant, somewhere between 50 and 56 degrees, in order 
that the joints may perform their offices properly. 

DISSECTED LEG OF A HORSE. 

Fig. 11 shows a foot and portion of the leg dissected, all 
the hair and flesh being removed so as to show the tendons, 
arteries and blood vessels. M, is the main cord or tendon 
that runs up and down the back of the leg; N, is the ex- 
tensor muscle of the foot ; O, shows the lateral cartilages, 
while P represents the plantar nerve. The lower M shows 
the sensitive laminae, while L represents the outside crust 
or wall. 



28 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




Fig. 11. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 29 



CHAPTER III. 

HOW THE HOOF GROWS. 

In any treatise on shoeing", the groivth of the hoof can- 
not be left out of consideration, as on it the foot, in an un- 
shod condition, depends for an efficient protection, while 
without this process the farrier's art would quickly be of 

no avail. 

In its unarmed state, the hoof being exposed to contin- 
ual wear on its lower surface, from contact with the 
ground on which the animal stands or moves, is unceasing- 
ly regenerated by the living tissues within. We have al- 
ready referred to the special apparatus which is more im- 
mediately concerned in this work of regeneration, and 
pointed out that the wall with the laminae on its inner 
face * is formed from the coronary cushion at the upper 
part of the foot ; the sole from the living membrane cover- 
ing the lower face of the pedal bone ; and the frog from the 
plantar cushion. It has been also mentioned that this 
dead horny envelop, instead of being merely in juxtaposi- 
tion with this exquisitely sensitive secretory membrane, is 
everywhere penetrated to a certain depth on its inner face 



* It is generally stated that the horny leaves are formed by the sensi- 
tive ones, with which they are in such close union. That this is an 
error, the microscope, physiology, and pathological experience, 
abundantly testify. 



30 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

(with the exception of the portion of the wall covered with 
the horny leaves) by multitudes of minute processes named 
villi, which are not only concerned in the growth of the 
horn-fibres, acting- as moulds for them, and endowing the 
hoof with that degree of lightness, elasticity, and tough- 
ness, which arc so necessary to its efficiency, but also make 
this insensitivo case a most useful organ of touch. 

The growth of the horn takes place by the deposition 
of new material from the secreting surface ; this deposi- 
tion is effected at the commencement or root of the fibres ; 
where the horn is yex> soft, and its incessant operation 
causes these fibres to be mechanically extended or pushed 
downward toward the ground in a mass. Once formed 
they are submitted to no other change than that of becom- 
ing denser, harder, less elastic, and drier, as they recede 
farther from the surface from which they originated. 

So regulated is this growth, generally, in every part of 
the hoof, that it would appear that the secreting mem- 
brane is endowed with an equal activity throughout. 

But, though this equality in the amount of horn secreted 
over so wide a surface is an undoubted fact, yet it must 
not be forgotten that, under the influence of certain condi- 
tions, the growth or descent of the corneous material may 
be effected in an irregular manner, either through a partic- 
ular portion of the secretory apparatus assuming a more 
energetic activity, or being 1 hindered more or less in its 
function. 

For instance, the way in which the foot is planted on the 
ground has a most marked influence, not only on the amount 
of horn secreted, but also on that subjected to wear. 



ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 31 

When the superincumbent weight is equally distributed 
over the lower face of the hoof, the foot may be said to be 
properly placed as a basis of support to the limb. But 
when, through mismanagement or defective form, this base 
is uneven — one side higher than the other, for example — 
the weight must fall on the lowest part to a greater degree 
than the highest ; thus causing not only disturbance in the 
direction of the limb and its movements, but considerably 
modifying the growth of the horn. This growth is dimin- 
ished at the part subjected to most pressure — in all pro- 
bability from the smaller quantity of blood allowed to be 
circulated through the secretory surface ; while to the side 
which is subjected to the least compression, the blood is 
abundantty supplied, and the formation of the horn is con- 
sequently augmented. This is a fact of much importance 
and practical interest in farriery, as it demonstrates that 
any irregularity in the distribution of the weight of the 
body has a prejudicial effect on the secreting apparatus of 
the organ, and, as a result, on the form of the hoof. 

When the weight is evenly imposed on the foot, this 
apparatus, being uniformly compressed throughout its ex- 
tent, receives everywhere an equal quantity of the horn- 
producing material. 

It is the same with the wear of the hoof. A just dis- 
position of the weight is a necessary condition of the regu- 
larity of wear. While the animal is standing on unshod 
hoofs, the wear of horn is slight ; it is in movement that it 
becomes increased, and this increase is generally in pro- 
portion to the speed, the weight carried, nature of the 
ground, and whether its surface be wet or dry. Each por- 



32 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

tion of the lower face of the hoof — wall, sole, bar, and frog 
— should take its share of wear and strain ; but it will be 
readily understood that this cannot be properly effected if 
the weight is thrown more upon one side than the other ; 
that part which receives the largest share will be subjected 
to the greatest amount of loss from wear, and this, with 
the diminished secretion of horn, will tend to distort the 
foot and limb still more. 

In a well-formed leg and foot the degrees ol resistance 
jf the different parts of the hoof are so well apportioned to 
the amount of wear to be sustained, that all are equally re- 
duced by contact with the ground, and the whole is main- 
tained in a perfect condition as regards growth and wear. 

The amount of growth, even in a well-proportioned 
foot, varies considerably in different animals, according* to 
the activity prevailing in, or the development of, the secret- 
ing apparatus ; and in this respect the operations of the 
farrier, as we will notice hereafter, are not without much 
influence. 

It may be laid down as a rule, that the horn grows 
more rapidly in warm dry climates, than in cold wet ones ; 
in healthy energetic animals, than in those which are soft 
and weakly ; during exercise, than in repose ; in young, 
than in old animals. Food, labor and shoeing, also add 
their influence ; while the seasons are to some extent con- 
cerned in the growth and shape of the hoof. In winter 
it widens, becomes softer, and grows but little ; in sum- 
mer it is condensed, becomes more rigid, concave, and 
resisting, is exposed to severer wear, and grows more 
rapidly ; this variation is a provision of Nature to enable 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 33 

the hoof to adapt itself to the altered conditions it has 
to meet: hard horn to hard ground, soft horn to soft 
ground. 

In this way we can account for the influence of locality 
upon the shape of the foot. On hard, dry ground, the hoof 
is dense, tenacious, and small, with concave sole, and a 
little but firm frog; in marshy regions, it is large and 
spreading, the horn soft and easily destroyed by wear, the 
sole thin and flat, and the frog an immense spongy mass 
which is badly fitted to receive pressure from slightly 
hardened soil. In a dry climate, we have an animal small, 
compact, wiry, and vigorous, traveling on a surface which 
demands a tenacious hoof, and not one adapted to prevent 
sinking ; in the marshy region we have a large, heavy, 
lymphatic creature, one of whose primary requirements 
is a foot designed to travel on a soft yielding surface. 
Change the respective situations of these two horses, and 
Nature immediately begins to transform them and their 
feet. The light, excitable, vigorous horse, with its small 
vertical hoofs and concave soles, so admirably disposed to 
traverse rocky and slippery surfaces, is physically incom- 
petent to exist on low-lying swamps ; while the unwieldy 
animal, slow-paced and torpid, with afoot perfectly adapt- 
ed to such a region — its ground face being so extensive and 
flat that it sinks but little, and the frog developed to such 
a degree as to resemble a ploughshare in form, which gives 
it a grip of the soft, slippery ground— is but indifferently 
suited for traveling on a hard, rugged surface. In pro- 
cess of time, however, the small concave hoof expands and 
flattens, and the large flat one gradually becomes concen- 



34 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

trated, hardened, and hollow, to suit the altered physical 
conditions in which they are placed. 

The degree of health possessed by the horn-secreting 
apparatus at any time has also much to do with its activity 
in generating" new material. When its blood-vessels be- 
come congested or contracted from some cause or other, 
its function is in a proportionate degree suspended, and the 
hoof grows in an irregular manner, and may be altered in 
thickness, texture, and quality. 

In the ordinary conditions of town work and stable 
management, I have observed that the wall of a healthy 
foot — its chief portion, so far as farriery is concerned — 
grows down from the coronet at the rate of about one- 
quarter of an inch per month, and that the entire wall of a 
medium-sized hoof has been regenerated in from nine to 
twelve meonths. 

The process of growth can be greatly accelerated and 
exaggerated by irritating the surface which throws out the 
horn material. Thus a blister, hot iron, or any other 
irritant or stimulant applied to this part, will induce not 
only a more rapid formation, but one in which increased 
thickness is a marked feature. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 35 



CHAPTER IV. 

HORSE-SHOEING TO PREVENT OR CURE LAMENESS OR CORRECT 
FAULTY ACTION. 



LEVELING PLATE. 

Every horse-shoer ought to have a leveling- plate. I use 
a piece of marble say twelve inches square and two inches 
thick. After the shoe has been fitted to the foot I then heat 
it. By gently hammering- it on the marble slab I make it 
perfectly level. A great many heat the shoe hot and then 
by applying- it to the foot it is easy to see exactly which 
portion of the hoof needs to come off. I never put a hot 
shoe near the foot. After the shoe is made level on the 
marble slab I then make the foot level to correspond. 

FORGING. 

This is a very bad habit. A horse thatforg-es continually 
is not reg-arded as very valuable. It is not particularly 
troublesome to overcome this habit. There are many dif- 
ferent ideas on the subject, however. I have had horsemen 
come into my shop and say to me, * ' If you put the front 
shoes on too long- the horse will pull them off." I know of 
a g-ood many horses that I have ruined, before I learned any 
better, by putting- the shoes on too short. When too short 
in the first place they become still shorter of course after the 
shoes are reset. Now does it look reasonable that we oug-ht 



36 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 

to cripple our horses in their front feet by short shoes in 
order to keep the hind feet from striking ? Let us try to 
find out what forging- is anyhow. It is simply that the 
horse has more action behind than in front. The hind feet 
are thrown forward and strike the front feet before they 
can get out of the way. Obviously the only way to over- 
come this trouble is to increase the action of the horse in 
front and retard it behind. To do this I use a heavy toe- 
weight shoe on the front foot to make the horse reach 
farther. After the front shoe has been nailed on, take a 
rule and measure the distance from the coronet to the 
bottom part of the toe. Also observe the slant of the front 
foot. Then measure the hind foot the same way and it will 
be found in most cases that the hind foot is from £ to 1 
inch the shortest. The shorter the foot the quicker it can 
be raised of course. Now I place my shoe on the hind foot 
so that the toe will project enough to make the distance 
from the coronet to the bottom of the shoe the same as the 
distance from the coronet to the bottom of the shoe on the 
front foot. The longer the hind foot is the longer time it 
takes for the horse to raise it in traveling. To set the 
shoe back on the hind foot only makes the horse forge 
all the more, for he is able to get his hind foot up much 
quicker than his front foot. Then if you let the shoe 
extend out pretty well behind and make the projecting 
portion pretty heavy it will tend to delay the action of the 
feet behind and prevent the horse raising his feet so high, 
and if he does not raise his feet so high he will not of 
course throw them so far forward and your object is 
accomplished. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 37 

TO SHOE A KNEE-SPRUNG HORSE OR A KNUCKLER. 

The difficulties above mentioned are brought on by using 
too short shoes. They may also be produced in other 
ways. I think many horse owners contribute to bring 
about these troubles by permitting the shoes to remain on 
too long. Some people will never get a horse shod until 
the shoes drop off, on account of the expense. It thus 
happens that in many cases the shoes remain on the feet, 
six, eight or twelve weeks. Of course the foot grows out 
long and in climbing over this long toe with a large toe- 
calk on the shoe the horse strains the cords and tendons of 
the leg and when you stop him he will " go over a little " 
as it is termed. A horse does this to ease the strain on the 
cords of his leg and he will keep doing it more and more as 
long as the trouble exists. After a while the cords con- 
tract, and, failing to resume their natural position the 
horse is knee-sprung or knuckled . It is very hard to cure 
a knee-sprung horse, but they can be helped very much. I 
dress the foot perfectly level as in all other cases and make 
a good long shoe, one that will run out behind the foot say 
one or two inches. Put on a small heel-calk with no 
toe-calks. Nearly all horse owners when they think a 
horse's legs are strained use some strong liniment or a 
blister. In all cases of this sort there is a great deal 
of fever in the legs and we want to take out the fever, 
not put on something that will create more. Further 
along in this work a recipe will be found for a prepara- 
tion for sprains, soreness of the tendons or any enlarge- 
ment of the leg. 



38 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

FITTING THE SHOE TO THE FOOT. 

This is one of the most important points in horse-shoeing". 
In traveling" about giving instruction to all classes of 
people, I have found a great many so-called horse-shoers 
who had not worked at the trade more than six months 
perhaps. Often as quick as a man gets so that he can 
dress a foot or fit up a shoe he calls himself a good horse- 
shoer and will start a shop. In order to secure work it is 
necessary for such a man to put prices down very low. In 
my experience I have found that two-thirds of the crippled 
horses have been made so by just such horse-shoers as I 
have described above. I call them horse-shoers for con- 
venience only. Some of them will never be horse-shoers. 
Nevertheless they think when they put a shoe on, it is as 
good work as anybody can do, and usually such men are 
very much averse to learning how to shoe. I commenced 
helping my father at the forge when only eleven 3^ears old 
and have worked at the trade ever since, and I think it safe 
to say that I shod horses fully twenty years before I really 
knew anything about it. Now somebody will ask, how it is 
possible that you could work so long without knowing 
anything about horse-shoing. It is simply because I knew 
it all in the first place. I knew so much that I did not 
want to be told anything, and so went on year after year 
in the same old rut doing more harm than good all the 
time. 

After I had been compelled to pay for three valuable 
horses I spoilt by bad shoeing, it occurred to me 1 did not 
know as much as I thought I did. Then I invested every 



AKTISTIC HORSE SHOEING. 39 

dollar I was worth and made an effort to learn how to shoe 
horses. I sought the best instructors I could hear of and 
found out that I had been all wrong in what I had been 
doing. 

No man should be permitted to shoe a horse who has not 
passed an examination by a competent board appointed for 
the purpose. He should be compelled to study the horse's 
foot and understand it before being permitted to set a shoe. 

A great many horse owners ruin their horses by taking 
them to men who know nothing whatever about the 
anatomy of the foot. The main idea of the average horse 
owner seems to be to seek out and patronize the man who 
will shoe the cheapest and make the shoes stay the longest, 
and they don't hesitate to call such a man a good horse- 
shoer. Very few probably know that a valuable horse 
may be completely ruined by an incompetent man in two 
or three shoeings. Some horses will stand poor shoeing 
for quite a while, but in the end they are sure to be injured. 

" No frog, no foot; no foot, no horse," is a true saying. 
I claim that no horse should go over four weeks without 
having the shoes removed and the dry feverish growth of 
the hoof rasped away; that portion that would wear out 
naturally if the horse was not shod at all. 

GETTING THE ANGLE OF THE FOOT. 

When I have a horse to shoe I try and ascertain the cor- 
rect angle of the foot to start with. Then dress the foot 
perfectly level in all cases, aiming not to have one side any 
higher than the other. I do not cut away the bars or 
braces as I did in the days gone by, neither do I cut the 



40 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

frog-, which is the natural cushion of the foot, taking off the 
the concussion caused by the striking' of the foot on the 
ground. In the natural state the frog- is shed every three 
months and should not be cut at all. If cut the pores will 
open and the natural moisture is permitted to dry out and 
the frog" becomes hard. Cutting* the frog- will injure the 
growth of the foot materially. I never touch the frog 
except to cut off the ragged edges as they are being shed. 
The nearer the frog can come to the ground the better. 

When large calks are used and the foot raised from the 
ground all the bearing on the frog is removed, causing he 
foot to draw up, the heels to draw in, and in a short time 
you have a bad case of contraction on hand. 

In taveling about I have a wagon that with its contents 
weighs not less than 4,800 lbs., and this is pulled over hills 
and the roughest country roads without any calks on the 
front feet of my horses. The front feet of a horse act very 
much as the forward trucks of a locomotive. They carry 
about two-thirds of a horse's weight. The hind feet and 
legs are the propelling power which throws the animal 
forward when in motion. 

If calks are desired they should be put on the hind feet. 
I never put on a hind shoe without a little heel calk. It 
helps take the strain off the tendons. If a flat shoe is used 
in front it can be made shorter when calked. If flat let the 
shoe extend back as far as the crust of the hoof. When 
the shoe is flat it permits the frog to come to the ground 
and all the cords and tendons of the leg are receiving their 
proper support. If we put on calks and take the frog 
away from the ground it will be necessary to make the shoe 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



41 



at least from one-half to one inch longer. If this is not 
done the horse will have a tendency to rock back and then 
this causes knee springing" or knuckling. 

Short shoes are a great mistake in shoeing horses with 
calks. 

BAR SHOE. 

Fig. 12 shows a bar shoe which is the nearest approach to 




Fig. 12.— Bar Shoe. 

nature in my opinion that we can get. When no shoes are 
used the weight of the animal comes largely on the frog 
which< as is well known, acts as a sort of cushion to relieve 
the pressure on the foot. When a bar shoe is used in shoe- 
ing, the bar presses on the frog and we get practically the 



42 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

same effect as though the horse were traveling- without 
shoes. 

I suppose that I had shod horses for twenty years, more 
or less, before I knew why bar shoes were necessary. Of 
course when a man makes and applies a shoe which he does 
not know the use of, he naturally is liable to many faults in 
construction. Some people condemn bar shoes but it is be- 
cause they do not know their uses, or how to make them, or 
how to put them on. 

A man must know in the first place that the horse 
brought to him to be shod needs a bar shoe. He must un- 
derstand the exact condition that the foot is in and what 
sort of a bar shoe is best for that particular condition. 
Sometimes we find horses with soft frogs and in other cases * 
they have hard frogs. Now formerly I did not know but I 
could put on a bar shoe as well with a hard frog as with a 
soft frog. Right here let me explain the secret of success 
with bar shoes. If the frog is soft so that you can move it 
easily with your hands it will bear all the pressure which 
you can get from the bar shoe, but if if- is dried up and hard 
it will not do to apply a bar shoe until some measures have 
been taken to soften the frog, otherwise the pressure on the 
hard frog will be so strong as to push the frog up into the 
sensitive portion of the foot and lame the horse. Of course 
the object of a bar shoe in all cases is. to remove the bearing 
from the heels where there is tenderness arising either from 
corns or from hard pounding on pavements or hard roads. 

In cases where the frog is hard it can be softened by soak- 
ing the feet for a time in warm water and applying* warm 
flaxseed meal poultices at night until the foot is brought 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 43 

into its proper condition. I use this particular shoe for 
all bad cases of contraction or where, as some shoers term 
it, the foot is hoof bound. I rasp the points of the heels down 
so that when the shoe is on there is a little space between the 
heels and the shoe, the pressure of the bar coming- on the 
frog-. When the horse steps the weight comes on the bar, 
the bar presses on the frog- and the frog will settle enough 
to let the heels down easily upon the shoe. Under these 
circumstances of course the heel will naturally expand more 
or less and the contraction after a time be relieved. 

I am not in favor of artificial spreaders of any kind. I 
believe the frog to be the best spreader in the world. 

No clip is used whatever and in fact I have not put a clip 
on any shoe in the last six years. Many shoers seem to 
think they cannot get along without using side clips and toe 
clips. Wherever a clip is used it is necessary, of course, to 
cut through the outside wall. The clip rests on the sensi- 
tive laminae and every time a horse strikes anything hard 
there is irritation of the blood vessels, arteries and nerves. 
If we dress the foot perfectly level, fitting the shoes cold 
and using a good nail there is no trouble in making them 
stay on longer in fact than they ought to stay. 

No horse should keep shoes on over four or five weeks at 
the outside without having them removed and the dry fe- 
verish overgrowth cut awa}\ 

TOE TIPS. 

Fig. 13 represents a toe tip. This form of shoe comes 
the nearest to nature of any one made. By its use it will 
be seen that the quarters and frog come in contact with the 



44 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



ground. I claim that the frog* is the best spreader of the 
foot m"the world. I never use any artificial spreader de- 
pending" entirely on the frog to do the business. In all bad 
cases of contraction either use the toe tip, the bar, or the 
double half -bar, and let the frog come in contact with the 
ground. This shoe should be made of f-inch steel and as 
thick towards the quarters as towards the toe. Be sure 




Fig. 13.— Toe Tip. 



and fit it to the foot. After it is fitted, mark just as far 
back as it goes and notch in the hoof and set the tip in. By 
this means the toe is kept down to the same level as the 
heels and quarters. By slanting the tip towards the heels 
the toe is raised too high and lets the horse rock too far 
back, straining the main cords and tendons and in a short 
time the horse will be knee-sprung. 

I have used this toe tip right on the pavements in the 
cities of Scranton, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Binghamton, New 
York City, and in other places two numerous to mention, 



ARTISTIC HORSE- SHOEING. 45 

with the most satisfactory results. Some horses will not 
stand it, but others will. 

HALF-BAR SHOE FOR THE FRONT FOOT. 

Fig. 14 represents a half-bar shoe. This shoe can be made 
from machine-made shoes sometimes, but generally I turn 




Fig. 14.— Half-Bar Shoe. 

my own shoes. A, shows the point where the bend should 
be made to form the half-bar. Shape the shoe so that the 
half -bar will press on one-half of the frog-. In cases where 
one quarter is broken down or wired in, this shoe can be 
set to very great advantage. The other side of the shoe of 
course should be shaped in the usual way. 

In cases of bad quarter crack where tbe trouble is all on 
one side I use this shoe. I also use it for bad cases of corns. 



46 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 



In shoeing either for quarter cracks or corns I do not let 
the quarters touch the shoe. When the quarter grows out 
or the shoe has pressed down so that the quarter touches, 
the shoe should be removed and a sufficient amount of hoof 
removed to keep the shoe from touching- the quarter. Any 




Fig. 15.— Toe- Weight Shoe. 

quarter, crack or corn, can be removed if the pressure is 
kept on the frog and away from the seat of disturbance. 



TOE- WEIGHT SHOES. 

Fig. 15 represents a shoe with a toe- weight. It is made 
out of heavy iron, say one inch or one-and-a-quarter inches 
by one-and-a-half inches. Fuller at A to the thickness 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 47 

you want, then draw out the heels as light as you wish 
them to be. 

I prefer this shoe to any toe-weight placed on the foot, 
and I believe that the action of any horse can be increased 
with this shoe, and the horse can be balanced quicker and 
easier than by the toe-weights on the top of the foot. 




Fig. 16.— Toe-Weight Shoe (Concaved). 

Some horse men object to having a horse carry the 
weight in the shoe. Now reason will tell you if a horse 
carries the weight continually he will get used to it and it 
will not tire him or strain the cords of his legs ; but if we 
give the horse all his work to do with light shoes and when 
we come to speed him, put on extra weights on the top of 



48 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

the foot he may be able to go, say, a half mile all right, but 
in trotting a full mile is liable to strain the cords of his legs, 
because his muscle has not been cultivated up to the point 
of carrying this extra weight successfully. 

I consider this the best shoe ever made to balance the 
action of pacers. By this I mean, if you want a pacer to 
trot use this form of a toe-weight with a side- weight behind. 
By shoeing in this way I can convert any pacer into a 
trotter when it is thought desirable to do so. In many 
cases heavy horses that pace can be made to trot faster 
than they can pace. With light horses it often happens 
that they can pace faster than they can trot, so that it is 
not alwa3^s desirable to change their action. 

Fig. 16 is a toe-weight shoe concaved on the ground sur- 
face, the object being to prevent the horse from throwing 
gravel in the eyes of the driver. 

SHOE TO PREVENT INTERFERING. 

jPig. 17 represents a front foot shoe for interfering horses. 
There is no question in regard to stopping any interfering 
horse with this shoe. The main secret in overcoming inter- 
ference is to get a direct side weight. All the weight that 
passes the point of the frog on the other side deadens the 
weight we have on the outside and tends to overcome the 
attempt to produce a side- weight shoe. This point should 
be carefully remembered. 

In making this shoe I take say, ten inches of iron for the 
shoe and bring it out of the fire with one-half of it hot. I 
use my fuller just half way, fullering down as thin as I 
want it. Then with the hammer draw the inside web out, 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 49 

next bend the toe one-half and then go back to the heavy- 
side, finish, fuller, crease it and punch the holes. After 
this return to the light side of the shoe and finish that. 
This gives a direct side weight to the front foot. 
With front foot shoes it is necessary to increase the web 




Fig. 17.— Front Shoe for Interfering. 

on the inside because we must have a wider web on the 
inside than we do with hind foot shoes. 

There is no guess work in regard to this shoe if you only 
get weight enough. If you use one of these shoes and it 
fails to prevent interfering all you have to do is to increase 
the weight of the web until you get enough to overbalance 
the foot and accomplish your purpose. 

Incase a horse swings and travels too wide in front I use 



50 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 



the same style of shoe, but put the weight on the inside. In 
all cases of ordinary interfering- the weight should be put on 
the outside of the foot, with the exception of the shoe de- 
scribed in Fig. 19. 

HIND SHOE FOR INTERFERING. 
Fig. 18 shows a hind shoe for interfering or widening the 
action of a horse when it is inclined to rock or shuffle. 




Fig. 18.— Hind Shoe for Interfering*. 



I use this shoe in all cases of interfering. 

Be particular not to permit the side weight to run around 
the point of the frog. If you try the shoes made in this way 
and they do not seem to accomplish the purpose desired, 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 51 

increase the weight and keep on increasing- until the action 
desired is secured. 

If the horse hitches or runs behind (sometimes called 
single footing) use this shoe. If you get weight enough 
you will stop him. It requires weight to balance any horse, 
and when you get weight enough you will balance him. 



Fig. 19. —Side- Weight Shoe. 
SIDE-WEIGHT SHOE. 

Fig. 19 represents a side- weight shoe to be used in all 
cases where horses have had a knee or ankle broken and 
the legs bend in. Then the weight should be put on the in- 
side on the crooked leg. This tends to throw the fo^ + 
inward and consequently to straighten the knee. 



52 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



On the sound leg- I put the weight on the outside in all 
cases. This shoe I have used with g , ood results a great 
many different times. 

SHOE FOR KNEE-KNOCKING. 

Fig. 20 shows a shoe with an outside weight extended 




Fig. 20.— Shoe for Knee-Knocking. 

around one-half of the foot. This shoe I use in bad cases of 
knee-knocking. The illustration shows the ground surface 
of the shoe made for the right front foot. As the horse 
swings out and strikes this outside weight the foot natur- 
al! v has a tendency to strike on the inside of the toe, which 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 53 

it will be seen is not creased and has no nail hoies. The 
effect of this shoe is to make the horse carry his feet out- 
ward and away from the other foot, preventing- the knock- 
ing- of the knees together. 

Make a little crease on the inside of the heel and use three 
nails, as shown in Fig. 20. 




Fig. 21.— Side- Weight and Bar Combined. 

The dotted lines show the position of the foot. All that 
portion of the shoe outside the dotted lines of course will be 
entirely outside of the foot. 

I made the first one of these shoes that was ever made, 
and have corrected more than one hundred cases of knee- 
knocking horses. I have shod horses in twenty-one differ- 



54 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



ent States and three Territories and never saw such a shoe 
until I made it. 
This shoe can be used with perfect safety. 

COMBINED SIDE -WEIGHT AND BAR. 

Fig". 21 represents a side- weight and a bar combined. In 




Fig. 22.— Four-Calk Shoe. 

case your horse needs a bar shoe and you want to use a 
side-weight to widen his action or to stop him from inter- 
fering, this shoe will accomplish the purpose, but be care- 
ful and not let the side weight pass the front of the frog. 
Keep the most of the weight on one side of the shoe and get 
t on exactly opposite where the horse hits. 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 55 

You will never fail to correct a case of interfering- with 
this shoe if you only have weight enough. 

FOUR-CALK SHOE FOR RING-BONES, SPAVINS, ETC. 

Fig. 22 shows a four-calk shoe to be used on horses 
having ring-bones, curbs, spavins or sore tendons. In fact 
this shoe may be used with almost any horse that is lame 
and for whom it is painful to travel with a high toe-calk. 
With the four-calk shoe the horse has a level foundation 
and equal bearing, and when he picks up his foot he has no 
toe-calk to climb over, he simply rolls over the front calk 
as it were. 

A horse with ring-bones, curbs or spavins will hardly 
limp with this style of shoe, where he can scarcely hobble 
along on an ordinary three-calk shoe. 

In all cases where anything- is the matter with a horse's 
foot I raise the heel more than I do the toe and oftentimes 
no toe-calk at all is a great deal better. 

The closer we keep the foot to the ground the better it is 
in all cases. 

IMPROVED SHOE FOR TENDER FEET. 

Fig. 23. Mr. Wm. H. Russell, the author of "Scientific 
Horse-Shoeing," first constructed and used this shoe. His 
description of it is as follows: "This shoe is made of steel 
and is well concaved on the ground surface. The bars are 
made so as to fit upon the bars of the foot and bear weight 
as the unshod hoof does in a state of nature, preventing 
bruises in the heels and quarter cracks. I have tested this 



56 



ARTISTIC HORSE SHOEING. 



shoe on horses that were quite sore and lame, successfully. 
In making this shoe the bars are sprung down from the 
heel to their points on the ground surface about one-half 
inch. The effect of this is to soften and mellow the jar. If 
the shoe is well tempered it will allow the bars to spring with 
the horse's weight, and will be found one of the best devices 




Fig. 23.— Shoe for Tender Feet. 

possible to relieve the effects of concussion in .tender-footed 
horses as well as to quicken the action in trotters, leaving 
the frog firm and unimpaired to perform its important 
functions of cushioning the foot and shielding the sensitive 
parts from injury." 



EXTENSION CALK SHOE. 

Fig. 24 shows a three-calk shoe with an extension toe at 
A. If the horse is inclined to pull his load from one out- 



ARTISTIC HORSE- SHOEING. 



57 



side point of his toe, let the toe calk extend over as at A. 
Then when the calk strikes at A it is necessary for the ani- 
mal to settle square down on his feet and go directly over 
at the toe. 
In the case of a great many horses the outside quarters 




Fig. 24— Extension Calk Shoe. 



and calk will wear off while the inside will wear very lit- 
tle. 

By the use of this kind of a shoe all this is prevented and 
the horse must travel perfectly square, whether he is a 
heavy draught horse or a light road horse. 



58 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



FRONT FOOT FLAT SHOE. 

Fig. 25 represents a flat front shoe made out of inch by 
half -inch iron. Crease all around the toe. 

This shoe is made perfectly flat on the ground surface 




Fig. 25.— Front Foot Flat Shoe. 



and is as good a shoe as can be used on front feet. The 
nearer we keep the feet to the ground the better. 

Fig. 26 represents the foot surface of the shoe shown in 
Fig. 25 , and also gives a clear idea of the concavity of this 
side of the shoe. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



59 




60 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

CONCAVE SHOE. 

Fig. 27 represents a common front shoe concaved so as to 
prevent picking- up gravel. The shoe is made from one 
inch by one-half inch iron, or you can use any weight of 




Fig. 28.— Shoe to Make a Horse Travel Square. 

iron that may be needed. If the horse is quick of action 
the use of this shoe will prevent his throwing gravel into 
the face of the driver. It is also a good shoe to prevent 
the balling of snow in winter, as snow cannot stick to it 
very well. 

SHOE TO MAKE A HORSE TRAVEL SQUARE. 
Fig. 28 represents a shoe designed to make any horse 
travel square. Some horses travel all on one side and one 



ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 61 

side of the foot does not seem to grow because the animal 
strikes so hard on that side that it kills the growth of the 
horn. In applying this shoe first level the foot, of course 
as near as possible. Then measure the slant of the foot 
that goes the fastest, afterwards measure the slant of the 




Fig. 29.— Shoe with Plate Attached. 

other foot and you will find that it will be necessary to let 
the shoe on the slow foot extend out on the side so as to 
have the same bearing from the centre of the coffin-bone on 
both sides of the foot. Then make the shoe as shown 
in Fig. 28 and you will have an equal bearing on both 
sides. 



62 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



SHOE, WITH PLATE ATTACHED, FOR DROPPED SOLES. 

Fig-. 29 represents a shoe with a plate fitted into it which 
I use in all cases of dropped soles. The object of the plate 
is to take all the bearing- off of the outer crust or wall. The 
dropped sole occurs g-enerally in large heavy horses. In 
using ordinary shoes the concavity of the bearing surface 
throws all the weight upon the wall and very little of the 
shoe touches the sole. The result of this is that the sole 




Fig. 30.— Stifle Shoe. 



keeps dropping down. In using the shoe illustrated in Fig. 
29, apply hoof ointment and a packing of oakum so that 
the shoe will not bear hard on the wall. This will hold the 
sole up and take the strain off t)f the wall and in time the 
sole will g-o back to its proper place. It is sometimes a 
good plan to apply a blister around the coronet to force the 
growth of the foot and soften it up. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 63 



STIFLE SHOE. 



Fig. 30 represents a stifle shoe. There is an old saying 
that "my horse has got a stifle out." I was born, you 
might say, a blacksmith, and I have heard my father say 
many a time that he had got to go out and put the old 
horse's stifle in. Now I don't think the old gentleman ever 
saw a horse with a stifle out. 

We have what we call stifle difficulties, but if the horse 
gets his stifle out he will never do any more work. To get 
the stifle out he has got to break a band of bone like the 
knee-pan in man, and after this bone is broken it can 
never be replaced. 

There are cords and muscles that draw over the stifle 
the same way as they do over the knuckles of the hand and 
it is these that slip and get out of place, and to cure such 
troubles a shoe is used made in the style shown in the illus- 
tration. This is to be put on the well foot, the object being 
to make the horse stand on the crippled foot and hold his 
cords and muscles in their places until they are relaxed. 

Before using this shoe it is necessar} 7 to be very careful V 
ascertain that the trouble with the horse relates to the 
stifle. I have frequently seen cases where owners of horses 
thought that the stifle was out of place and the only trou- 
ble was that the horse had been pricked with a nail. 

FLAT TROTTING PLATE. 

Fig. 31 shows a flat trotting plate or a shoe for pacers ; 
can be made in the same style with light steel. With pa- 



b* ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

cers it is necessary to pursue exactly the opposite course to 
what is necessary with trotters. 

As a general thing- the lighter the shoe the faster a 
pacer will travel. I make pacers shoes down as low as 4 
oz. and from that up to whatever size it may appear neces- 
sary for the horse to carry. Alwaj^s punch your nail holes 
as near the toes as possible with all light shell horses. 




Fig. 31.— Flat Trotting Plate. 



colt's shoe. 



Fig. 32 shows a colt's shoe. The first two or three years 
a colt is shod more pains should be taken with the shoes 
than is required afterwards. A colt's foot is like the foot 
of a growing boy. It is not very strong and it does not 
take but a little to get it twisted and warped out of shape. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



65 



One great trouble with horsemen is this. They will go 
into a blacksmith's shop and say to the blacksmith: " I want 
some old shoes put on the colt, because I want something 
light.' ' By such a plan as this it is frequently the case that 
you get a 16-oz. shoe on one foot and a 10 or 12-oz. shoe on 
the other, and the result is that the colt is unbalanced and 




Fig. 32.— Colt's Shoe. 



in a little while he is interfering, and soon g*ets to forging 
perhaps. 

Now we should equalize the weight of the shoes, getting 
them as near the same weight as possible on both front feet, 
and as near as possible the same weight on both hind feet. 

To make the shoe represented in the illustration, take 
common half round iron, say f or | inch wide and 
don't crease it at all. They can be shaped around the horn 



Oti ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

of the anvil and made almost as fast as a hen can pick up 
corn. 

Dovetail the nails in and make everything" perfectly 
smooth. With this style of shoe a colt will have shoes of 
equal weight and is not likely to g-et into the habit of inter- 
fering or forging-. I consider them the best shoes which can 
be put upon a colt. 




Fig. 33.— Hind Shoe with Three Caj^ks. 
HIND SHOE WITH THREE CALKS. 

Fig. 33 shows a shoe with three calks. It is made the 
same as any common shoe, having three calks. It is used 
in cases where horses have heavy pulling to do. 

I always make low calks. In most cases horse-shoers 
g"et the calks too high, which causes a rocking" and wrench- 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 67 

mg motion that produces more or less strain and injury 
to the tendons. Be careful in applying- this shoe, as in 
other cases, to have the foot perfectly level. 

TOE-WEIGHT AND SIDE-WEIGHT COMBINED. 

Fig. 34 represents a toe-weight and side- weight combined. 



Fig. 34.— Toe- Weight and Side-Weight Combined. 

When it is desired to increase the action of a horse in front, 
the toe- weight should be used, and if it is desired to have 
the same horse travel a little wider, use the side-weight 
also ; forging one side so the weight will extend about a... 
inch further towards the heel than the other. 



68 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 

In case the horse swings his feet outward use the heaviest 
weight on the inside of the foot, which has a tendency to 
.draw the foot hack and make the animal travel square. If 
he throws his feet too close together the additional weight 




Fig. 35.— Shoe to Prevent Paddling and Knocking. 



should be used on the outside of the foot, the object being 
to make the horse spread his feet in traveling. 

The same shoe may also be used to correct what is called 
weaving, or where a horse throws his feet in traveling out- 
ward and inward in a sort of weaving motion. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 69 

This shoe makes a very good toe- weight and side- weight 
combined. It can be calked or not as may be required. 

SHOE TO PREVENT PADDLING AND KNEE-KNOCKING. 

Fig. 35. This shoe is made out of inch by half-inch iron, 




Fig. 36. — Foot-Bearing Surface of Fig. 35. 

creased all the way around, and should be used in all cases 
of paddling. 

The great trouble with many horses and knee-knockers is, 
that they strike on the outside point of the toe. Take any 
common shoe at the point indicated by A, say, weld on a 



70 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



projection of half an inch to three-quarters of an inch in 
length. It ma}^ be an inch longer if necessary. As the 
horse strikes this projection in traveling* he swings over 
and settles on the inside point of his toe. When this is 




Fig. 37.— Rolling Motion Toe- Weight Shoe. 



accomplished it is necessary for him to swing his foot out. 

I have stopped very bad cases of knee-knockers with this 
shoe and have had no trouble with it made exactly as re- 
presented in Fig. 35. 

Always be careful to make the foot level in all cases, 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



71 



when shoeing" for different diseases and the correction ot 
bad habits. 

Fig". 36 shows the foot-bearing surface of Fig. 35, as 
well as the concavity which it is necessary to give to the 




Fig. 38.— Rolling Motion Shoe. 

toe inside, and the position of the nail holes. It also shows 
where the spur is welded on. 

ROLLING MOTION TOE-WEIGHT SHOE. 

Fig. 37 represents a shoe having a toe-weight and a rol- 
ling motion combined. This shoe tends to increase the 



72 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

action in the fore-legs of the horse, the rolling* motion 
making it easy for him to travel. A, shows the bottom 
of the shoe which is not creased, the nails being dove-tailed 
in so that the heads will set perfectly smooth with the 
surface of a shoe when it is on. B, is a sectional view of A, 
and shows the method of constructing the toe, revealing 
the convexity of the ground side.' 

ROLLING MOTION SHOE. 

Fig. 38 represents the rolling motion carried to an ex- 
treme. This shoe should be used in bad cases of stumbling. 
It should be made out of inch by half inch iron. Do not 
draw the inside web at all, but leave it the full thickness, 
forge the outside edge and crease to the shape shown in the 
illustration. This will give the horse action and makes 
him raise his feet higher so that when he sets them down 
there is nothing to impede his movements, as would be the 
case with an ordinary toe. This shoe, represented by A in 
the engraving, should be made flat in all cases. B, is a 
sectional view showing the slant and proper curve for the 
toe. 

DOUBLE HALF-BAR SHOE. 

Fig. 39 shows what is termed a double half-bar. This is 
designed to take the place of a full bar, and the method of 
construction will be seen by an inspection of A, which shows 
a completed shoe. Half bars are attached and curl around 
each side of the frog, relieving the heels of all undue ores- 
sure. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



73 



B and (7, show sectional views of the bars, giving an idea 
of their construction and thickness. 

In all cases of corns on both sides I have used this shoe 
with great success. 

It has also proved very successful in all cases of contrac- 
tion. The shoe should not be allowed to touch at the heels. 




Fig. 39.— Double Half-Bar Shop. 



The foot should be dressed perfectly level with the ex- 
ception of what is taken off from the heels to prevent the 
shoe bearing and touching on the quarters. 

When the quarters get crowded down so that they touch 
the shoe, it should be removed and the quarters cut down 



74 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



again so as to relieve the pressure. This shoe can be calked 
the same as any bar shoe if necessary, but the closer we 
keep the diseased foot to the ground, the better it will be, 
and the sooner it will get into good condition. 




Fig. 40.— Side-Weight and Toe- Weight Combined. 



SIDE-WEIGHTS AND TOE-WEIGHTS COMBINED. 
Fig. 40 shows a side-weight and toe- weight combined. I 
use this shoe in balancing the action of all horses. If the 
horse is inclined to hobble or hitch I use r-his shoe on the 
hind foot and increase the weight. There is no question as 
to the good results of applying this shoe to any horse if 
you get weight enough. If the first shoe fails to produce 
the proper result, increase the web, always placing the 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



75 



weight on the outside of the foot. I use a very light heel 
and no toe-calks. On the hind shoes of all speeding horses, 
and generally on light driving horses, I always use small 
heels, then when a horse reaches out the heel gives him a 
firm grip on the ground so that he will not be likely to slip or 




Fig. 41.— Rolling Motion Shoe. 

strain himself. A, shows the completed shoe ; while B, gives 
an idea of style of the calk used. 

ROLLING MOTION SHOE. 

Fig. 41 is a rolling motion shoe. The advantage of this 
shoe is that it increases the action of a trotter and quickens 



76 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



his pace. In a common flat shoe a horse has to keep climb- 
ing- from the time he raises his heels to the time he gets 
over the point of his toe. With this shoe the rolling motion 




Fig. 42.— Front Shoe with Three Calks. 



comes in the moment he begins to raise his heels. A, repre- 
sents the bottom of a completed shoe; while B, shows a 
sectional view giving a clear idea of the necessary roll, to- 
gether with the position of the creases. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



n 



FRONT SHOE WITH THREE CALKS. 

Fig*. 42 represents a common front shoe with three calks. 
This shoe is made the same as any ordinary shoe with the 
exception that the calks are made lower, as with low calks 
the foot can be kept in better condition than with high calks. 




Fig. 43.— Half-Bar and Side-Weight Combined. 



As a general thing I do not approve of making the calks of 
any shoes over half an inch high. Many people are apt to 
want high calks. The higher the calk the more rack and 
strain there is. More ring-bones, curbs and spavins are 
brought about by the feet rocking on high calks than by 
anything else. A> represents the complete shoe ; while B, 



78 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

shows a sectional view of the height and shape of the calk. 
I always make the toe-calk a little bit the lowest. 



HALF-BAR AND SIDE-WEIGHT COMBINED. 

Fig-. 43 represents a side-weight and half-bar shoe com- 
bined. When it is necessary to widen the action of a 
trotting- horse, this side-weight is used, and in case the 
quarter of the same foot has grown in and wired under, the 
half-bar is used, covering just half of the frog. This will 
spread out the quarter to where it is wanted. B, shows 
the thickness of the half-bar as it rests on the frog. 

It should be borne carefully in mind that the bar only 
touches and presses on half of the frog. It will not do to 
extend it clear across the frog. This shoe should be used 
in all cases of broken down quarters, or corns, or quarter 
cracks. 

A PLAIN HIND SHOE. 

Fig. 44 shows a plain hind shoe. On light driving horses 
I use no toe-calk. This shoe should be made of steel. 
Turn up a very light heel, in all cases making the weight 
as nearly as possible equal on both sides. When this style 
of shoe is used for road horses the}^ should be made very 
long. The shoe should project at least one inch back of the 
foot, the object being to support the main cords and tendons 
and the ankle joints. This takes off all concussions and 
will prevent knuckling. In case a horse is inclined to 
knuckle, a good long shoe should be used and the heel 
should be raised. Use the same style of shoe for the front 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



79 



foot as for the hind foot. That is as long" a shoe as would 
be used in difficulties of knee-sprung- animals. Knuckling 
and knee-springing is brought on by straining the tendons 
and cords. To give the animal relief, of course the strain 
must be taken off. A, shows the complete shoe ; while B, 
represents a sectional view with the heel properly turned up. 




Fig. 44.— Plain Hind Shoe. 



PLATE FOR RUNNING HORSES. 

Fig. 45 is a plate for running- horses. It is made of 
steel, very light, and varies in weight according to the size 
of the horse to which it is to be applied. I make them as 
light as If oz. and from that up to 4 ozs., according to 
the weight the horse is desig-ned to carry. They are made 



80 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



with four nails on a side and placed as shown in the engrav- 
ing". No calks whatever are used on the plate, the object 




Fig. 45.— Plate for Running Horses. 

being to use as light a shoe as is compatible with a proper 
protection of the foot. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 81 



CHAPTER V. 

CLINCHING TOOL. 

In this connection (Fig. 46) is described one of the most 
useful little tools which I have ever handled. It is used 
instead of a rasp for cutting- out the small portion of hoof 
driven outward by the nail, and interfering unless it is re- 
moved with proper clinching. This bit of hoof is usually 
rasped out, but in rasping it a portion of the hoof on each 




Fig. 46.— Clinching Tool. 

ide of the nail is cut away to clinch the nail. The tool in 
question will gouge out just enough hoof to admit of the 
nail clinching in good shape. Rasping or filing under the 
nail weakens the walls of the foot and it is far better to re- 
move the small portion of hoof necessary by this clinching 
tool. 

HANDLING BRIDLE. 

I shoe all kickers, and handle all ugly horses with this 
bridle. Any open bridle can be converted into this kind of 
bridle by means of the Rockwell Bit. No. 1 in Fig. 47 
represents the nose piece, which is 18 inches long and is 



82 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



attached to the side pieces ; and after it is on the horse you 
can take it up so that it will fit. This piece should always 
be made 18 inches long so as to double it in attaching' to the 




Fig. 47. —Handling Bridle. 



bridle. No. 2 in the illustration is 24 inches long-, running* 
from No. 1, to the top of the bridle. No. 1 shows where 
the rope should always be tied. Then let it run over the 
neck as indicated at No. 4, then down through the ring in 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 83 

the bit at No. 5. This rope should be half an inch in diam- 
eter and 12 feet long-. It may not be necessary to use it as 
long- as this ordinarily, but in bad cases it may often come 
in handy. I handled an ugly horse in this way. I put on 
the bridle and take him out doors where I can have plenty 
of room. Step to one side and give him a sharp pull. Every 
time you pull say "whoa." Then try the same tactics on the 
other side. When you get on the other side he will be 
likely to follow you. If he does you may know he is think- 
ing of the bit. Draw up the rope tight and have some one 
hold it, then pick up his foot and if he does not stand drop 
the foot and give him a few more strong pulls of the rope. 
You will find that he will not think very much about kick- 
ing, but his mind will be on the bridle and there will not be 
time for him to telegraph back to his heels to kick. 



DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BODY OF THE HORSE. 

The two parts of the head of the horse which correspond 
to the temples in man are above the eyes. The orbit, which 
is forn#d of seven bones, four cranial and three facial 
bones, contains the globe of the eye. On the inner angle is 
situated the haw, shown at A in the engraving. 

At B, the eye-pits are indicated. These are the indenta 
tions which are located between the ear and the eye and 
above the eye-brows. 

C, represents the front of the head or the face from the 
eyes to the nostrils. This portion corresponds to the upper 
part of a man's nose. 

The neck of the horse is designated by the word crest, 



ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 85 

and is shown at D in the engraving-. The crest comprises 
all that portien of the neck covered by the mane. 

E, is the forelock or that portion of the mane which 
naturally falls over the forehead between the eyes. 

The withers indicated at F is the spot where the shoul- 
ders meet. 

The chest is shown at G, and is that part which is in front 
between the shoulders and below the throat. 

The back is shown at H. It commences at the withers, F, 
and extends along" the spine as far as the crupper. 

The space between the back, H, and the stomach, J, is 
called the barrel. 

The flanks lie at the extremity of the stomach and extend 
as far as the hip bones. 

M, represents the shoulder, while N indicates the arm. 

0, is the knee-joint. This corresponds to the wrist in 
man. 

P, is the shank. It commences at the knee-joint and cor- 
responds to the Metacarpus in man. 

Behind the shank is a tendon which extends from one end 
to the other and is called the back sinew. 

Q, is the fetlock-joint. The fetlock itself is a tuft of hair 
covering- a sort of soft, horny excrescence, which is called 
the ergot. 

R, shows where the two pastern bones are located and is 
that portion of the leg- between the fetlock-joint and the 
foot. 

S, is the coronet ; a slig-ht elevation lying- below the pas- 
terns, which is furnished with long- hair falling- over the hoof 
all around the foot. 



86 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

T, shows the hoofs, or it may be said the nails of the foot, 
as the hoof correspond to the nails in the human hand. 

K, in the hind leg 1 , represents the stifle, which is the joint 
of the knee and contains the knee-pan. This corresponds 
to the knee in man. It is situated below the haunch on a 
level with the flank and shifts its place when the horse 
walks. 

M' , shows the thigh, which corresponds to the leg in man. 
It extends from the stifle down to the hock. The hock is 
the joint which is below the thigh and bends forward. This 
thigh- joint corresponds to the instep in man. The hinder 
part of the hock, which is called the point of the hock, is the 
heel. Below the hock are the shank, the fetlock- joints, the 
pastern and the foot, as in the fore-legs. 

N', shows the upper portion of the hind leg. 

THE CORRECT ANGLE OF THE FOOT. 

Very few horse-shoers, comparatively, understand that 
there is a correct and incorrect angle for the foot to assume 
when it is placed flat upon the ground. Some shoers cut 
too much from the toe, throwing the foot too far over in 
front, while others cut down the heel too low, necessarily 
throwing the foot too far back. 

iPig. 50 shows an illustration of a foot with the angle 
properly indicated. Of course this angle will vary a little 
in different horses and here is where judgment is required 
in the horse-shoer. About 53 degrees may be considered 
the right thing for the front foot, while 58 or 60 will be the 
average angle for the hind foot. Almost any horse-shoer 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 



87 



can construct an instrument with the degrees marked on so 
that it will be easy to ascertain exactly the angle of any 
foot. 

RESULTS OF USING POOR NAILS. 

Fig*. 50 shows a foot with the shoe attached, a portion of 
which has been cut away for the purpose of illustrating 




Fig. 49.— Correct Angle of the Foot. 



how a poor nail may work serious and sometimes fatal 
injury. A, shows the coffin-bone; B, the sensitive sole; and 
(7, indicates where the nail split, and a portion of it pene- 
trated through the sensitive sole and nearly through the 
point of the coffin-bone. The moral of course to be drawn 
from this is that no horse-shoer should ever be tempted to 



88 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



use a poor nail. There are so many poor nails made that I 
resolved to visit the works of some of the best known 
makers, and decide for myself which to use and recommend. 
After inspecting the factory of the Capewell Nail Co., 
witnessing the whole process of forging, I no longer had any 
doubt as to which company makes the best nail, and shall 
hereafter use and recommend only Capewell nails. The Cape- 




Fig. 50.— Result of Using Poor Nails. 

well process makes the toughest nail on the market, — a nail 
that will not split, in driving. I once lost a horse by using 
poor nails. The illustration shows exactly how a nail in this 
particular case did its fatal work and the horse died of lock- 
jaw. The illustration was made from the foot taken from 
this horse. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



CHAPTER VI, 

FEET, ETC. 



FRONT VIEW OF A DISEASED COFFIN-BONE. 

Fig. 51 represents the front view of a diseased coffin- 
bone. When ossification takes place throughout the 



Fia. 51.— Front View of a Diseased Coffin-Bone. 

entire structure of the bone, the outside bone around the 
edge of the coronet becomes enlarged. A great many 
people term this a bad case of ring-bone, but it is not ring- 



90 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



bone, it is a genuine case of diseased coffin-bone, and there 
is no cure for it. As soon as the foot assumes the condi- 
tions shown herewith, the quicker you kill the old horse 
the quicker you will give him relief. 




Fig. 52.— Back View of a Diseased Coffin-Bone. 



BACK VIEW OF A DISEASED COFFIN-BONE. 

Fig*. 52 shows a back view of a diseased coffin-bone. All 
the relief which can be given to a horse thus afflicted is to 
shoe him as near level as possible, raising the heel-calks 
and letting the shoe extend out say an inch-and-a-half or 
two inches back of the foot. 

Fig. 53 shows a back view of the near front foot of the 
same horse. Fig. 52 being the off front foot. Fig. 53 also 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



91 




Fig. 53. — Perfect Representation of a Coffin-Bone. 

gives a perfect representation of a coffin-bone. It will be 
seen that there is quite a difference in the feet. 




Fig. 54.— Front View of a Perfect Foot. 



Fig-. 54 gives a front view of a perfect foot, as shown in 
the back view of Fig. 53. 



92 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

A VERY THIN SHELL. 

Fig*. 55 represents a very thin light shell, the finer the 
breed of the horse the thinner and lighter the shell in 
every case. On this account great judgment is needed on 




Fig. 55.— Very Thin Shell. 



the part of the horse-shoer to determine what sized nail to 
use. I use nails as small as No. 2 and up to as hig-has No. 
7, but do not use many No. 8's, and have not driven a No. 9 
horse-nail in seven years. The horse the foot came off, 
shown herewith, was shod on Monday and the next Friday 
was dead. There is no question in my mind as to what the 
trouble was with this horse. He certainly died with lock- 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 93 

jaw. There were only two nails in the outside wall, the 
rest being" in the laminae, some of them coming clear 
through the lining of the foot, penetrating- a mass of blood 
vessels, arteries and sensitive nerves. 

This foot came off a Hambletonian trotter. These 
trotters have the lightest shells of any trotting horses in 
the world. 

Too great care, it will be seen, cannot be taken in dressing- 
the feet of fine bred horses, and great care is needed not to 
use too large nails. 




Fio. 58.— Sectional View showing How Nails should be Driven. 

Fig. 56 shows a sectional view of a horse's foot, the 
exact location of the Avail of the foot through which the 
nail must be driven can be readily seen. The most casual 
observer will notice that a trifling deviation of the nail from 
the proper course will send it into the sensitive laminae where 
it will produce lameness and serious injury. 

FOOT OF A HORSE THAT DIED OF LOCK-JAW. 

Fig-. 57 represents the foot of a horse that died of lock- 
jaw. Now I am free to confess that I have killed two valu- 
able horses in my life by driving the nails wrong- and pul- 



94 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



ling- them out again before the owner could see what had 
been done. In performing- this operation sometimes the 
point of the nail will twist off and remain in the foot. Now 
whenever this happens the outside crust or wall should be 
opened at once and the piece of nail removed or the horse 
will die of lock-jaw. 




Yiq. 57.— Foot of a Horse that Died of Lock-jaw. 



COLD VS. HOT HEATING. 

Right here let me say a word with respect to hot fitting'. 
I talked in favor of hot fitting for twenty-one years. 
Why did I do it ? 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 95 

Simply because I could dress and level a horse's foot a 
great deal easier that way than I could with a file or rasp. 
Now the sensitive laminae of the horse's foot between the 
shell and the lining- of the foot is similar to the sensitive 
portion under the human finger-nail, and just as far as the 
heat goes it kills the sensitive laminae and burns them out. 
After we g-et the laminae burnt out on both sides of the foot 
to the depth of the thickness of the sole, if the horse hap- 
pens to be very heavy, the sole is forced down and then we 
say he is in the first stages of founder. I have foundered 
at least five hundred horses in my life with hot shoes and 
nothing else. I don't allow myself or any man under my 
instruction to touch a hot shoe to any horse's foot. 

The foot should be perfectly level in all cases, and the 
shoe should be made perfectly level before applying it to 
the foot. All we take off from the foot we take off from the 
bottom of the foot, and never set the shoe back and chop all 
the way around the outside. When this is done all the 
strength of the shell around the outside is cut away and 
this will cripple the best horse in the world. This is a 
great mistake. 

For twenty-one years I used to fit the foot to the shoe 
and not the shoe to the foot. The first thing I used to do 
after pulling- off a shoe was to cut the heels down. After I 
got the heels cut down low enough to suit me I would put 
my buttress or knife in one side of the frog- and cut that 
side down. Then I would cut the other side down and if 
the man was paying- me a little extra price why I would 
cut it all out. Now the frog does not want to be touched 
vith a knife at all. 



96 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

Under natural conditions the frog is shed every three 
months in a healthy foot and ought never to be touched by 
the farrier ; when the sensitive frog* is subjected to the ordi- 
nary banging and concussion which it will receive if let alone 
the outside horny frog will shed itself. Cutting the frog 
away stops the growth of the foot at least a year. 

FOOT SHOWING A TOE CRACK. 

Fig. 56 represents a foot with a toe crack. This is a very 
common occurrence, but toe cracks are not seen nearly as 




A 
Fig. 58.— Foot showing a Toe Crack. 

often as quarter cracks. The point A in the engraving re- 
presents the split in the toe. In shoeing a split toe always 
cut out the hoof with a knife or rasp to the shape shown in 
the illustration. By this means the bearing is taken off 
from the crack. In such cases a calk shoe (such as will be 
*>und described elsewhere) is used. This lets the horse 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



97 



over easy and relieves the strain on the toe. It is very im- 
portant to avoid all strain at the point where the crack is. 
In this particular case it will he a good plan to use a bar 




Fig. 59.— A Horse's Deformed Foot. 



with the four-calk shoe. As the heels are expanded the 
crack in the toe is closed up. A fruitful cause of toe cracks, 
in my opinion, is the use of too large clips. 



98 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

A HORSE'S DEFORMED FOOT. 

Fig*. 59 shows the foot of a colt which was ruined by not 
cutting- the heel for five years. 

I have frequently had horsemen come into my shop and 
say, " Don't cut the heel any, cut the toe but not the heel." 

The horse whose foot is shown in the engraving" was 
spoiled by his owner, who insisted that nothing* should be 
cut from the heels. 

The poor blacksmith, how T ever, was the man who had to 
stand the blame. 

When the heel is left too high the horse's foot is thrown 
over in front, bending- it up and throwing the pastern 
bones and coffin-bone out of position. Instead of keeping 
their natural position, these bones, in the example under 
consideration, had been thrown into a vertical position. In 
shoeing a horse the heel must be cut down just as much as 
any other part of the foot. Of course there are naturally 
high heels and naturally low heels. A horse-shoer, if he 
understands his business, will know just as soon as he 
picks up the foot about how much to cut off and where to 
cut. I have seen horses ruined by cutting the heel too 
much. If the foot, however, is kept at an angle of about 53 
degrees, it will not be very far out of the way. 

FOOT WITH SECTION OF WALL REMOVED. 

Fig. 60 represents a dark colored foot. It is a curious 
fact that a light colored foot has a thinner shell than a 
dark colored foot. The piece from A to B in the illustra- 
tion represents the outside crust or wall and laminse taken 



.RTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



99 



out of the side of the foot to show the internal construction. 
It can be easily seen by an examination of this illustration 
that there is not very much thickness in any foot into 
which a nail can be driven. The importance, therefore, of 




Fig. 60.— Foot with Section of Wall Removed. 

understanding the construction of the foot so as to locate 
nails properly cannot be overestimated. If the nail is 
driven inside of the wall it strikes the laminae, and if it goes 
inside the laminae it hits between six and seven hundred 
blood vessels. In most cases dark colored feet have a 



100 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



shell as thick again as light colored feet. A white foot 
with a dark streak or a dark foot with a light streak can 
stand more banging, go barefooted longer, and is far 
tougher than any other kind of a foot. 

SHOE WITH PORTION OF HOOF CLINGING TO IT. 

Fig. 61 represents a shoe and a piece of foot that has 
been pulled off from the horse. When this happens it is 




Fig. 61. —Shoe with Portion of Hoop Clinging to it. 



caused by rasping too much with the corner of the rasp 
under the clinches. The outside crust or wall should be 
subjected to just as little rasping and filing as possible. It 
should be understood that the shell of the foot is not very 
thick. A man cannot file with the corner of a rasp 
under the clinches and make a groove big enough for a 
canal boat to run in without getting the whole shell off. 

With the ordinary method of clinching by rasping a 
groove under the clinch, if the horse gets his shoe off he is 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 101 

liable to pull a part of his foot off. Now I do not file with 
the ordinary rasp at all. I have a little gouge so con- 
structed that I can take off just what the nail turns up as 
it comes out and by using- the tool the shell is not weakened 
at all. A great many after they get the shoe on and 
clinched, rasp and polish the foot up to the hair. I never 
do that now. It should never be done in any case. When 
it is done the shell of the foot is greatly weakened and all 
the pores opened. 




Fig. 62.— A Bad Case of Contraction. 

No more rasping or filing should be done on the outside 
wall than is absolute^ necessary. 

A BAD CASE OF CONTRACTION. 

Fig. 62 represents a bad case of contraction. Few people 
comprehend how much a horse suffers as his foot is being 
drawn in at the heel by improper shoeing. This difficulty 
Is called by some people contraction, and others say that 



102 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 

the horse is hoof bound, but whatever you call it, the horse 
should be given immediate relief. An animal thus afflicted 
suffers as much as a man would suffer with a pair of 
extremely tig-lit boots, and perhaps more. It is no wonder 
in cases of contraction that a horse tries to relieve the pain 
he suffers by walking- on his toes. The contraction of the 
foot presses on the blood vessels and nerves and in a 
measure shuts off the circulation, causing intense pain. 
Any man can easily tell when a horse is suffering- from 
contraction by examining the lateral ridg-es of the hoof. 



ARTISTIC HORSESHOEING. 103 



CHAPTER VII. 

SPECIFIC DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 



GLANDERS. 

This highly contagious disease is believed to be almost 
invariably incurable by any known means, and hence it is 
not here introduced with any hope of its cure, but solely 
that horse-masters should be able to recognize it, and, 
when discovered, to prevent its being spread. The symp- 
toms are — a yellow discharge from one or both nostrils and 
a swelling of the glands under the throat. If one nostril 
only is affected^ the corresponding gland is enlarged, while 
the other remains in a healthy state. Sometimes the dis- 
ease continues in this stage for many months, but, sooner 
or later, the discharge increases in quantity, and becomes 
green and very offensive, and the mucous membrane of the 
nostril becomes ulcerated, and the swollen glands harden, 
and attach themselves closely to the jaw-bone. It may be 
distinguished from the swelling and mucous discharge 
which accompany ordinary cold by the absence of fever, and 
by the continuance of the disease for a long period of time ; 
also by the swelled gland adhering to the jaw, which is a 
very characteristic sympton. The inflammation in gland- 
ers is of a chronic character, and there is little heat of sur- 
face. The ulceration of the mucous membrane is also pe- 



104 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

culiar to the disease, and never accompanies ordinary cold, 
in which, also, the discharge is almost always equally co- 
pious from both nostrils. From strangles it may readily be 
distinguished by the absence of suppuration in the glands, 
and by the hardness and adhesion of them to the jaw. 
Glander, likewise, is the disease of old or adult animals, 
while strangles very rarely attacks any but young ones. 
In strangles, also, the mucous membrane lining the nose is 
intensely red, while in glanders it is only moderately so ; 
the discharge likewise in strangles is profuse from the first. 
The cause of glanders is almost always contagion ; but 
in some few cases it appears to be generated, or rather to 
degenerate, from common catarrh or strangles. Still it is 
very difficult to arrive at certain conclusions upon this sub- 
ject, because, instead of degenerating, it may only have 
assumed the form of these milder diseases at first, and yet 
all the time have been true glanders. But whether it is 
so or not, it appears quite clear that many cases appar- 
ently of these mild diseases gradually became converted 
into glanders from some cause or other, and are then to- 
tally incurable. The point at which the change takes place 
cannot be defined ; but the most experienced surgeons be- 
gin by pronouncing them cases of common cold or stran- 
gles, and end by asserting- that they are true glanders ; 
and the state of the constitution marks the alteration, the 
horse having become thin and haggard, with his coat star- 
ing and rough. Mr. Coleman relate a case in which several 
sound horses on board ship were obliged to be closely con- 
fined under closed hatches, in consequence of which some of 
them were suffocated, and the remaindei showed unmis- 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 105 

takeable signs of glanders, although there was not the 
slightest reason to believe that they were inoculated with 
it by contagion. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude 
with the majority of writers on the subject, that glanders 
is generated by foul stables ; want of ventilation and over- 
crowding being generally the chief cause and origin of the 
disease. The essence of the disease appears to be an ulcer- 
ation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, which 
speedily contaminates the nearest lymphatic gland, and 
finally attacks the whole system, constituting the form 
called ' ' farcy, ' '—to be presently described . The ulcers dis- 
charge a poisonous matter, which is capable of communi- 
cating the disease to other horses or to man, or if absorbed 
into the system, as it always is in course of time, it destroys 
the health with more or less rapidity, but with great cer- 
tainty. But this matter must actually touch the mucous 
membrane of the sound horse, and no mere breathing will 
suffice to give the disease Tt is by drinking out of the same 
bucket, or by smelling one another, and rubbing noses to- 
gether, or licking one another, that one horse affects 
another ; and if the stalls were higher, it would be carried 
from one to the other much less frequently than at present. 
But no one with any prudence would run the risk of keep- 
ing an infected horse ; and the sooner such an animal is shot 
the better for all parties, since neither horse nor man is safe 
from inoculation, with all the care in the world ; and in the 
latter case it is a frightful disease indeed, and one which no 
one is justified in risking under any pretence whatsoever. 
Treatment seems to wholly thrown away, though some few 
cases are recorded in which sulphate of copper given inter- 



106 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 

nally and applied externally to the nose, has apparently 
cured the disease. The Spanish fly is also said to have had 
the same good effect, but I know nothing* from experience 
of these effects ; and I should be very unwilling- to try any 
experiments on such an intractable and loathsome com- 
plaint. When the disease is established in a lot of horses, 
they had better all be destroyed, and the stable treated as 
for mange. The clothing should either be destroyed or 
well washed, and then baked ; the wood of all the stable 
utensils should be painted, and the ironwork exposed 
to a red heat. These means will prevent its being re- 
produced, and if proper cleanliness and ventilation are 
maintained afterwards, whereby the disease may be pre- 
vented from being generated, there is little fear of its 
occurring again ; but if Professor Coleman's opinion is cor- 
rect, that it is almost always generated, and consequently 
if the first attack was the result of filth and neglect, unless 
the management has been altered, it is scarcety reasonable 
to expect anything else but a repetition of the same disease 
occurring from similar causes. 

FABCY. 

By the term Farcy is understood the train of secondary 
symptoms which follow glanders ; and, just as we see in the 
syphilis of man a primary sore occurring on a different 
part, followed by inflammation of the absorbents, enlarged 
lymphatic glands, and an eruption on the skin, so in the 
horse glanders begins as a series of primary sores in the 
mucous membrane of the nose, together with an inflamma- 
tion of the lymphatic gland, or glands, of the throat ; and 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 107 

when this state is followed by secondary symptoms, they 
receive the name of farcy, though the two diseases are the 
same, as is proved by inoculation. Mr. Youatt was of the 
opinion that the farcy-buds, as they are called, arise from 
the inflammation of the absorbents, at the situation of. their 
valves, and in their course to the great blood-vessels of 
the chest ; but this can scarcely be the case, because the 
farcy-buds almost always make their appearance first upon 
the lips and skin of the nose, parts which are more distant 
from the chest than the original ulcers, and certainly not 
on the line of any valvular absorbents. The fact is, that, 
as in syphilis, the matter is absorbed into the whole sys- 
tem, and is then deposited upon the surface, choosing-, 
apparently, the most highly organized skin, in preference 
to that furnished with fewer blood-vessels. The appear- 
ance is as follows : First of all small tumors arise, fre- 
quently in the course of the veins, but often in other 
situations; and as they grow they become hard, and 
suppurate ; after which they burst, and" discharge a thin 
watery matter ; the sore presenting the same appearance 
with almost all poisonous sores, viz., a deep central cavity, 
with a rugged, hard, and elevated edge, and an unhealthy 
watery discharge. Sometimes the in sides of the hinder 
extremities are affected equally with the fore-quarter ; but 
more often the latter is the chief seat of the eruption, the 
inside of the arm, the tender skin of the brisket, the 
muzzle, and neck being thickly studded with farcy-buds 
and sores in all stages of progress. By-and-by, the deep- 
seated absorbents become affected, the ulceration extends 
deeply between the sheaths of the muscles and tendons, and 



108 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

even into the chest ; and, at last, the whole cellular mem- 
brane and lymphatic glands become one mass of disease, 
finally wearing down the , horse by irritative fever. This 
is the regular course which will occur in most cases ; but 
there are numerous exceptions, in which farcy breaks out 
suddenly without any warning of these small and insidious 
steps, and the ulcerations run their course more rapidly 
than I have here described them. With regard to the 
identity of the two diseases, there can, I think, be little 
doubt on the matter, when it has so often been demon- 
strated by inoculation that the matter of either will produce 
a primary sore in the shape of glanders, followed by 
secondary ulcers in the shape of farcy. The latter disease, 
when inoculated into the system of another horse, does 
not at once reproduce its own likeness, but only by means 
of a glandered ulcer of the nose, or of any other part in which 
it is inserted. If it is inserted in the skin, it is some time 
in breaking out into ulcers, and it does not always succeed ; 
but finally the secondary symptoms appear just as if it 
were introduced into the Schneiderian membrane ; hence, 
it is reasonable to conclude that the two are identical, and 
that the analogy with syphilis is complete. Farcy is dis- 
tinguished from several other diseases which resemble it 
by the following signs : 

From Grease it may be known when it attacks the legs, 
by the inflammation being less acute, though the swelling 
is often more sudden, but the redness and glossiness are 
not so great ; also by the following symptoms given in the 
table herewith : 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



109 



In Grease, 
There is generally some crack or 
evident appearance of grease, 
with ichorous discharge from the 
skin, and great redness and glos- 
siness of it. The swelling is very 
great, but it is greatest towards 
the lower part, which is evidently 
the fons et origo maL. Is at- 
tack is often called the " swelled 
leg," which is perfectly distinct 
from the ordinary filled leg. 



In Farcy, 
There are always some ulcers 
irregularly circular, and with 
hard edges; skin not very red 
or shining, but swollen, and free 
from discharge. Great general 
tenderness, but no cracks in the 
heels; absorbents inflamed, and 
showing hard lines and knots in 
their course. The inflammation 
extends upwards, and the swell- 
ing is greatest above the hock. 



From Surfeit farcy is easily distinguished by the absence 
of all ulceration in the former, and by the hair in it merely 
coming- off, leaving a bare place beneath ; the little lumps 
in surfeit are not so large as in farcy, except in the very 
early stage ; and they come out over the body suddenly, 
while farcy appears a bud at a time. 

From Anasarca there can be no difficulty in distinguish- 
ing this disease, because in the dropsy of the cellular 
membrame there are no lumps, but an uniform swelling of 
the limb. There is a local oedema of the brisket, which is 
called water-farcy, most improperly, being merely a sign 
of general weakness, from the vessels giving way in the 
most depending part of the body. 

The treatment of farcy may be conducted upon more 
probable grounds of a cure than in the case of glanders— 
that is to say, if the horse is not so thoroughly infected as 
is sometimes the case. When glanders is detected early, 
it is usually a very virulent case, because trifling attacks 
of it are generally overlooked, and are suffered to degen- 
erate into farcy before anything is done ; and thus it is 



110 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

said that the farcy is often curable, while glanders is 
scarcely ever so. Now, when this is said to be the case by 
the very men who maintain their identity, there must be 
some extraordinary process of reasoning" going" on in their 
minds ; but the truth is, as I have remarked, that whereas 
those cases of glanders which come under treatment are 
very severe ones, so they are difficult of cure ; and in the 
same way farcy is seldom suffered to be developed from 
glanders when that was originally in a malignant form; 
and hence, by being mild, it is curable. Such I believe to 
be the explanation of the fact, which is universally admitted, 
that farcy is much more amenable to treatment than 
glanders as usually presented to the veterinary practi- 
tioner ; the former being seldom malignant, and the latter 
generally so. The cure is effected by local as well as con- 
stitutional means. 

The local remedy is the destruction of the ulcer or bud, 
either by the actual cautery (the budding iron), which 
should be applied to every ulcer or bud so as completely to 
destroy it. The knife should first divide those buds which 
have not ulcerated, after which the iron will act more 
energetically upon them, and yet with less destruction of 
the surrounding skin ; or the sulphate of copper should be 
freely rubbed into the ulcers, and made to destroy their 
surface. Arsenic and strong nitric acid, likewise, have 
been used with success, but their power is too great to be 
trifled with by an inexperienced man Whatever local 
remedy is used should be followed up wherever the bud 
makes its appearance, as there seems to be no tendency to 
heal without some destruction of parts giving a new and 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. Ill 

healthy stimulus to the fresh surface. The constitutional 
treatment is still more important than the local, and should 
consist of such substances as will cause an excessive 
secretion from some organ, carrying" with it the poison of 
the disease ; and this substance should be as little lowering 
to the horse as possible. Three such medicines are known, 
viz., mercury, arsenic and iodine, all of which are paraded 
by their several advocates as certain cures. The bichloride 
of mercury (corrosive sublimate) is the form generally 
given, in doses of from 5 to 15 grs., dissolved carefully, 
and then added to a pint of gruel, the next morning. If 
arsenic is given, it may be administered according to the 
formula already given ; and I believe it to be by far the 
best remedy in farcy, and the least injurious to the horse. 
But it is only as an experiment upon a horse which would 
otherwise be shot that I should ever advise the owner to 
use these powerful drugs without regular advice, as it will 
seldom happen that he will be able to calculate the proper 
dose, or to know when to push it, and when to hold his 
hand. Sometimes, however, such a case occurs as the one 
I have alluded to, and then he may feel justified in trying 
his luck; and if so, I would suggest his giving the 
biniodide of mercury as follows : Biniodide of mercury, 
3 to 5 grs. ; linseed meal and water, enough to make a ball. 
To be given three times a day. This I believe to be more 
likely than any other remedy to effect a radical cure of the 
disease. The dose may be increased up to 8 or 10 grains, 
with care ; but the above will generally be found sufficient, 
and more safe than corrosive sublimate or arsenic. 



112 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



GLANDERS IN MAN. 



Glanders in man is a horrible disease, capable of being 
inoculated from the horse when there is an abrasion of the- 
surface. Numerous cases of this kind have occurred, all of 
which have been fatal when allowed to reach the stage of 
absorption. If, however, the inoculated sore is destroyed by 
the hot iron, or by lunar caustic or fused potass, there is 
very little risk of the disease spreading ; and therefore the 
groom who has the care of a glandered horse, and who finds 
a sore on his arm or hand, should always consult a skillful 
surgeon at once, and follow his advice, if he prescribes any 
form of caustic, on the supposition that it is the disease we 
are now considering. When it has been absorbed, there 
seems to be little chance of a cure, though there are one or 
two doubtful cases on record in which it is said to have been 
effected. At all events it is worth the trial, and the bin- 
iodide of mercury holds out the best chance of a cure, in 
doses of one-third of a grain three times a day. 

STRAINS AND BREAKS-DOWN. 

Strains may affect either the muscles, joints, or tendons, 
and each of these three sets of organs are constantly suf- 
fering from them. Muscular strains consist of an absolute 
tearing of the fibrous tissue composing the muscles, or else 
of such an approach to a disruption as to have an equally 
prejudicial effect in producing lameness. In some cases 
the whole of a small bundle of fibres is torn across ; but 
this is not the usual degree in which strains occur, and the 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 113 

most common amount of mischief is only a slight separation 
of a few of the very small fibres of which the bundle is 
composed; and this state is then generally spread over a 
considerable surface, producing- considerable soreness from 
inflammation. Tendonous and Ligamentous Strains are 
very similar in their nature, and consist either in an absol- 
ute tearing apart of these fibres, or such an approach to 
this as to cause great inflammation, and consequent inca- 
pacity for using them. Sometimes what is supposed to be a 
strain of the tendon is really an inflammation in its sheath, 
which causes great swelling and pain, and the limb is 
thereby rendered quite useless for the time being. 

Strain of the Shoulder is generally a cloak for the igno- 
rance of the groom or other attendant upon the horse, it 
being really a very rare accident, though often assigned as 
a cause for lameness which is really in the feet, legs, or 
knees. It is an inflammation of some of the muscles of the 
shoulder following violent strain, and generally confined to 
the serratus muscle, which slings the body to the shoulder- 
blade, and which is sometimes strained in coming down 
from a high leap, etc. The symptoms are a. dragging of 
the toe in the walk, with deficiency of action on the trot, 
and a drop of the head while the affected leg is being ex- 
tended, and not while it is on the ground; hence, when 
shouldei lameness, is mistaken for foot lameness, the 
groom is apt to shift the blame on to the wrong foot. It 
may also be distinguished by laying hold of the affected leg, 
and drawing the whole together ivith the shoulder forwards, 
when, if the latter is affected, the horse will give evidence 
of pain, which he will not do if the foot or leg is the seat of 



J 14 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

the mischief. The treatment for shoulder-lameness lies in 
rest, bleeding, purging", cooling balls, with nitre, etc., and if 
it continues, the insertion of a rowel in the bosom. A cooling 
diet of green meat will also be needful, and all the corn 
should be taken away. After all the heat has disappeared, 
the horse may be turned loose into a box, and in another 
fortnight he may be walked out with a leading-rein ; but it 
should be two or three months before he is again mounted. 

Strain of the Stifle is confined to the joint, which be- 
comes hot and tender, and often swells considerably. The 
remedies are the same as for the shoulder, but a blister will 
often prove very efficacious, and it may be used in prefer- 
ence to a rowel, and repeated again and again. 

Strain of the Round-bone, or Whirl-bone, as it is 
termed by horsemen, is really confined to the hip- joint, 
which is often strained, but more frequently said to be so 
than really affected. It is very difficult to pronounce with 
certainty that this joint is strained, but sometimes the 
wasting of the muscles affords unmistakable evidence of 
the nature of the disease. Blisters and embrocations afford 
the greatest chance of relief ; but when the wasting is very 
marked, and there is no evidence of present mischief, 
nothing but compulsory work will cure the disease. Light 
farm- work, such as harrowing and the like, will often do 
more good than all the applications in the world, simply 
because the muscles have lost tone, and require the stimu- 
lus of necessity to make them recover their power. 

Strain of the Back-sinew occurs in all the varied degrees 
from a slight strain to a breaking-down. When the 
sinews are merely slightly strained, it is generally their 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 115 

sheath which is affected ; but if there is very great swell- 
ing, especially after racing, the chances are that there is 
actual breaking down of the fibres of the tendon or suspen- 
sory ligament, and often to a considerable extent. It is very 
unusual, however, for there to be an actual and entire sep- 
aration, and the most ordinary condition is for the horse to 
come in from his race very lame indeed, yet without his 
fetlock touching the ground, and with only a partial sepa- 
ration of the fibres, so that if it were not for the pain, he 
would bear his weight on the leg. In the worst cases, 
however, the fetlock-joint actually touches the ground 
behind, and the leg is for the time rendered quite incapable 
of bearing any weight at all. There is generally some 
warning of this state of the tendon, which enlarges about 
midway between the knee or hock and the fetlock, and 
forms there an oval swelling. When this is the 
case, the chances are ten to one that an actual break- 
down occurs, although there may be no abolute lameness ; 
but the inflammation is a sign that the tendon is in an unfit 
state for work, and that it will most likely give way in the 
next severe gallop. The proper treatment consists in cool- 
ing general remedies; such as purging, bleeding if neces- 
sary, and the nitre and tartar emetic ball. To this is to be 
added light food, consisting of bran mashes, or green meat, 
without corn, and entire rest. Locally cooling lotions are 
to be applied, and ice, if it can be procured in sufficient 
quantity. A bran poultice should be applied, with several 
lumps of ice in it ; and as fast as they melt fresh lumps 
should be added. The poultice is best put in an old 
worsted stocking, which will hold a large mass of bran 



116 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

round the leg*. In this way the active inflammation may 
generally be speedily subdued, reducing- it to the state in 
which strains of the back-sinew usually appear; but, of 
course, the more complete the rupture of the tendon, the 
greater the difficulty of effecting a radical cure. But it 
should be known that these parts reunite and that a broken- 
down horse will often recover the use of his leg for ordinary 
purposes ; though he will seldom stand the severe trial 
which racing or training demands. After the ice poultice 
has been discontinued, and at the end of three weeks or a 
month, when the leg is quite cool, it may be necessary to 
blister or fire the limb, or to apply a charge. If the strain 
is very severe, nothing is so effectual as firing, followed by 
a blister. Next to this comes an ordinary blister with mer- 
cury or the biniodide of mercury. The charge is a good 
remedy after this last, as it prevents the horse from using 
the tendon too soon, and affords a firm mechanical support. 
The good effect of the arnica is also very considerable. In 
old swellings of the back sinews, consisting of an enlarge- 
ment of the sheath, rather than of a real break-down, a 
sweating embrocation, will often effect an absorption of 
the swelling, and prevent further mischief ; but it should 
not be used when there is any heat of the part, the cooling 
lotion being then the proper remedy. It should always be 
remembered that in strains, when there is increased heat 
of the leg, cooling medicines, low diet, and cooling lotions 
are the proper remedies*; and that firing, blistering, and 
stimulating embrocations must be deferred until this treat- 
ment has had time to produce the desired effect. If 
the -contrary plan is pursued, matters are only rendered 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 117 

worse than before, and a slight strain is often thereby con- 
verted into serious mischief. This golden rule should be 
rigorously acted on by stablemen in all cases. 

BROKEN KNEES. 

Broken knees, like strains, are of every degree, from the 
slightest touch to the horrible wounds of the joint which 
sometimes occur when a horse is dragged over a flinty road, 
or falls over a heap of stones. These accidents, however, 
rarely occur, if we are to believe the assertions of horse 
salesmen, who pledge their honor (!) to the fact that 
each case has been occasioned by the manger, or by a 
stone wall in hunting, if the horse has at all the appear- 
ance of that class of animals who are likely to be used as 
hunters. But, leaving the cause out of the question, it 
remains to consider what is the best treatment when it 
unfortunately happens that a particular horse has really 
touched his knee by a contacts with the ground. This 
will depend upon the extent of mischief, which may be 
one or other of the three following degrees : First, if the 
hair and cuticle only are rubbed off, and the cutis, or 
real skin, is entire, the best plan is to give the horse a 
dose of physic, and bathe the knee night and morning 
with hot water, if there is any swelling, or to apply the 
tincture of arnica diluted with water, in the proportion 
of two drachms of the tincture to a pint of water; 
then, when all the inflammation is gone off, which will 
usually be in a couple of days, apply a blister to 
the whole of the knee except the back, which is to be 



118 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

well guarded with lard, and this will bring* off all the 
hair, which will be renewed, tog-ether with that cover- 
ing the part rubbed off, in about three weeks, and will 
almost invariably prevent any blemish, which is very apt to 
show itself if the blister is not applied ; for although the 
hair comes on again if left to itself, it is often of a different 
color to that of the surrounding parts, and the critical eye 
distinguishes the blemish at once. Secondly, if the true 
skin is cut through so as to show the cellular membrane 
beneath it, but the joint itself is not exposed, a physic ball 
may be given as before, and hot fomentations applied if the 
bruise is very severe, or the arnica wash at once if there is 
only moderate swelling. As soon as the inflammation is 
abated, I should here also apply a blister, because I 
have always found that the swelling caused by it contracts 
the wound, and that the consequent blemish is much less 
than would otherwise be the case. Indeed, I have suc- 
ceeded in this way in effecting almost complete cures of 
very large wounds of the skin, where a piece of it as large 
as a 25-cent-piece has absolutely been cut away, besides 
more extensive abrasions of the cutical around its edges. 
Such a broken knee would, in the ordinary way, have exhib- 
ited a permanently bare spot of the size of a 10-cent-piece, 
but by the above treatment the bare space was not bigger 
than a pea, and sometimes scarcely so large. After the 
blister has risen, it must be carefully dressed with sweet 
oil, or lard without salt, sometimes called "fresh liquor"; 
and when the wound on the knee throws out healing granu- 
lations above the level of the skin, they must be kept down 
to the exact level by touching them freely with a piece of 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 119 

blue-stone every day. The whole art consists in causing 
the wound to contract by the swelling and stimulus of 
the blister, and in keeping down the granulations, or 
"proud flesh," as they are called, by means of caustic. 
The groom, however, should carefully avoid touching these, 
unless they are above the surrounding skin, for below its 
surface they are useful and necessary to the healing 
process. Thirdly, when the joint itself is opened, the aid 
of a veterinary surgeon should be called in, who will decide 
upon the propriety or otherwise of destroying the animal. 
Sometimes there is only a small opening, which may at 
once be closed with the touch of a hot iron ; and at others 
there is a discharge of serum, which the uninitiated will mis- 
take for synovia (joint oil); but in any cases it is better to 
have the advice of a competent judge of the injury. 

KNOCKING DOWN OF THE HIP. 

The point of the hip is often knocked off by the horse 
being cast in the stall or in the field ; sometimes by falling 
into a ditch in the dry summer weather, when the struggles 
of the animal will often break off the extreme point of the 
hip, especially if at all ragged, and then the muscles, acting 
upon the broken portion to which they are attached, draw 
it down out of its place, and the hip is said to be " knocked 
down." After a time it does not much interfere with the 
ordinary action of the horse ; but I am not aware of any 
horse having been able to race after such an accident, 
though many other wise likely colts have been thrown by, 
and used for the stud or other purposes, in consequence of 



120 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

its occurrence. Nothing- can be done to relieve the horse, 
and time only will remove the lameness, which at first is 
often very considerable, from the bruises which the muscles 
have received, as well as the disruption of their fibres 
which must necessarily have occurred. 



QUITTOR, PRICKING, THORNS, ETC. 

Quittor consists of a sinus running- downwards beneath 
the horn of the hoof, and occasioned by a blow or other 
injury of the coronet; or by some cause which has pro- 
duced an abcess under the horn. It is, in fact, a sinus 
under the hoof ; but those only are generally called quittor 
which depend upon bruises or wounds of the coronet ; while 
those sinuses arising from pricks or inflamed corns are 
called " sinuses of the foot.'' In the former case a stimu- 
lating application, thrust in with a probe covered with 
lint, will generally cause adhesion of the sides of the sinus, 
and effect a cure. A strong solution of nitrate of silver, 
or chloride of zinc, is the best remedy. If the sinuses 
arise from below, and break out on the coronet, an 
opening must be made in the sole of the foot wherever 
the prick or corn produced the mischief, so that the matter 
will always gravitate towards the bottom, and thus the 
sinus will heal at the top. The nitrate of silver will here 
also be a good dressing ; or the friar's balsam may some- 
times be used with advantage. 

Pricks in shoeing are constantly occurring, especially in 
country districts, where the smith often drives three or four 
nails in succession before he g-ets one to come out at the 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 121 

right place ; and the horse's flinching" clearly shows the 
sensible part into which the nails have made their way 
under his wild blows. It often happens that the injury is 
not at once detected, but a day or two after shoeing the 
horse is evidently uneasy in his foot, and more or less lame. 
On removing the shoe, it is found that there is great 
tenderness at some particular part of the foot, and some- 
times a great bulging ; but this is seldom evident so soon. 
It is the better plan to place the foot in a cold bran poultice, 
without a shoe on, and wait for a day or two, when, if the 
foot continues very hot, the smith must pare down the horn 
over the suspected place, and let out the matter if there is 
any; or, if necessary, bleed at the toe, which is likely to 
relieve the inflammation, and prevent suppuration, if it has 
not already occurred. If matter has formed and is let out 
a little, friar's balsam is pushed into the abscess on a piece 
of lint, and the shoe tacked on ; but the lint must be so 
placed as to be capable of being pulled out on the next day, 
so as to leave a clear opening for the matter to escape. In 
a few days the shoe must be taken off again, and any 
ragged pieces of horn removed, as well as the opening 
enlarged if necessary. The sinus may now be treated as 
described under quittor. Sometimes a prick occurs from a 
nail picked up on the road, and then the accident must be 
treated as if it occurred in shoeing. 

Thorns received into the skin in hunting are often very 
troublesome, and should be searched for most carefully 
when they are suspected to be present. The best way is to 
wet the leg thoroughly with hot water, and then to smooth 
the hair down slowly with the fingers, when the slightest 



122 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

inequality will be discovered, which in the dry state would 
be readily passed over. When the thorn is found, it may be 
extracted with a pair of tweezers; or sometimes it may be 
necessary to slit the skin up for a short distance, in order 
to reach the butt-end of the thorn, which should be re- 
moved entire if possible. 

CASTRATION, 

Is the operation of removing- the testicles of the horse, and 
is now performed with great dexterity by our best veterin- 
ary surgeons, and with very little risk to the colt. It 
should, however, never be attempted by any one but the 
above gentlemen ; and I shall not occupy space here by a 
description of the operation. It is generally performed 
upon the colt at or soon after weaning-time ; but in many 
cases, when the head and neck are sufficiently developed, it 
should be deferred to the spring of the second year. 

RUPTURES. 

Ruptures at the Navel are cured by passing- a strong pin 
through the skin, and then winding some cord round it, so 
as to produce inflammation and obliteration of the passage. 
But this should always be left to the regular practitioner. 

NERVING. 

Nerving is an operation done upon the nerves of the feet, 
by which they are divided, and thus those org-ans are ren- 
dered for the time insensible to pain. It is easily done by 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 123 

any one who knows the relative situation of the veins, ar- 
teries and nerves ; but no one who is not accustomed to the 
knife should attempt the operation. 

ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROFORM. 

Chloroform may be given to the horse. By means of a 
nose-bag- it may easily be introduced into his system, by 
which he is rendered wholly insensible to pain ; but the 
veterinary surgeon should always have the control of so 
active an agent. 

CORNS. 

There are several forms in which these troublesome 
growths manifest themselves, though their cause and lo- 
cation are generally the same. 

The seat of corns is always in the sole of the foot, or its 
lower connection with the wall in the posterior portion of 
the hoof, at or in the angle made by the wall in its return 
to form the bars. 

The primary cause of all corns in the horse's foot is an 
uneven ground surface, resulting either from the improper 
leveling of the foot by the farrier or its previous neglect. 
Let the foot always be pared level, and the shoe properly 
adjusted to the wall, and corns will find no abiding place in 
feet possessed of these conditions. 

Hard corns are a fungoid growth upon the inner sole, at 
its junction with the horny laminae, and lie beneath, as well 
as at the side and rear of the foot bone. This substance 
bears some resemblance and is analogous to the corn of the 



124 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

human subject, being a thickened deposit of a kind of hard 
skin, and, from its crowding- into the sensitive surfaces, the 
source of so much trouble and pain. The corn may be gen- 
erated by severe contusions upon the inner sole, but it gen- 
erally arises from a lateral compression of the horny hoof 
inward upon the sensitive parts. 

The vertical pressure of the horse's weight upon the foot 
bone is oftentimes so severe, and its winged extremities are 
imposed down upon the underlying membrane and sensitive 
sole so suddenly and forcibly as to bruise them against the 
horny sole or shoe without. The bruise thus established 
develops the wet or sappy corn, which consists of an effu- 
sion of blood or serum into the pores of the horn, marking 
its location by leaving a stain upon the outer sole. When 
the stain appears dark, and is easily removed by paring 
away, the corn is old and working out, but when the stain 
appears bright and ruddy, by penetrating further into the 
horn, the corn is new, and needs attention. These corns 
may be aggravated by additional injury, and terminate in 
a more serious form, known as the superative, in which 
case the sensitiveness will be greatly increased, causing in- 
tense pain, and, as a necessary consequence, acute lame 
ness, or finally resulting in laying the foundation for a 
quittor. 

In preparing the foot for the shoe, if the horn should ex- 
hibit signs of moisture or discoloration, caused by the 
exudation of a sappy or wet corn, open the centre of the 
part indicated, and gradually remove the sole, until the 
foreign matter is released. The foot must next be dressed 
down until it requires a perfect level basis. For draught 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 125 

horses, let the toe be shortened and the heels lowered; 
apply a bar shoe the toe calkin to be set well back from the 
front of the shoe. After the shoe is on put a few drops of 
spirits of salts, then some hoof ointment to stop eating*. 
This way I have cured some very bad corns. 



SORENESS OF THE FLEXOR TENDON. 

As its name implies, this complaint is an injury to the 
back sinew, from the effects of over- taxation . Work 
horses are liable to become so affected, though it occurs 
more frequently in the running* and trotting horses, by 
reason of their immense strides, the force of which has a 
tendency — when prolonged to a certain extent — to cause 
the tendons to become swollen and inflamed. _ 

The shoe should extend well back at the heels, the calkins 
being at least one-half inch higher at the heels than at the 
sides of the toe, where it should be well rolled on the ground 
surface, in order that the horse may be enabled to "get 
over " the toe of his foot with but little strain on the flexor 
tendon. 

I have also found the scoop-toed rolling-motion shoe very 
successful in the cases of trotting and running horses. 
The feet should always be well leveled and straightened, 
and the toes shortened as much as safety will permit. A 
preliminary application of bandages with cold water may 
be found beneficial. Make a shoe wide in web, with four 
calks all put on length ways. 



126 ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 



THE MULE. 

As this " drudge of all servants" is of a different variety 
of the same species as the horse, his foot also [partakes of 
the difference. Upon examining- it, we find that in front 
the mule's foot is round and full. From the quarters to 
the heels, however, the difference in its shape appears, 
instead of inclining- at an angle equal with the face — as is 
the case in the horse's hoof at the heels — it is nearly per- 
pendicular. 

Care must be taken that the foot does not grow too long 
or too high at the heels or toe, as the outer frog would 
thus be prevented from touching the ground. The tendency 
then would be for the hoof to contract on its ground sur- 
face. I have seen the walls at the feet come together, 
from coronet to ground surface, until the foot was hardly 
more than half its natural diameter. The heels overlap- 
ping each other, had crowded the bars and frog out of 
sight, raising the inner spur and bars as high as the 
coronary band. As the crowding of the bars thus necessi- 
tates a displacement of the internal structure of the coffin- 
bone being raised behind, the weight presses it forward 
against the laminae. The laminas in this part being over- 
tasked, soreness and finally lameness ensues. 

In many instances the mule is treated for lameness or 
strains, when the proper remedy was to have had his feet 
properly dressed and suitably shod. Do not permit the 
heels to grow to an extreme height ; pare them down as 
much as can be safely done, and reset the shoes every three 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 127 

or* four weeks ; leave the frog 1 and bars untouched and the 
heels unopened. 

In shoeing* the mule for draughting purposes, toe and 
heel calking will be required. In such cases, have them 
low, and of the same height, that the foot may be kept as 
near to the ground as possible, and the animal will travel 
with more ease and safety. Let the shoes be adjusted in a 
manner so as to fit the wall; and to avoid the possibility of 
cramping the foot, use small nails, with the nail holes 
straight punched. 



128 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

RECIPES. 



Scratches. 

A disease which attacks the heels, consisting" in an 
inflammation, swelling, and consequent chapping discharge 
of foetid matter, most commonly occasioned either by 
inflammation of the foot, want of exercise, or by neglect 
in cleaning or drying the heels carefully. In cases of this 
kind, exercise is essentially necessary, to be assisted by a 
few applications of my hoof ointment and careful grooming. 
In inveterate cases, where the disease appears to have 
become habitual, the eruption is known as grease, and 
there will be more difficulty in its removal, though the same 
treatment, generous dieting, good grooming, and regular 
exercise will tend to recover it. 

For sores like the preceding kind, make applications of 
my hoof ointment. When the frog is diseased, saturate 
with a piece of white cotton; press it into the opening in 
the cleft until it is well filled. The outer surface of the 
affected parts may be then given a slight coating, to 
protect the diseased portion from foreign particles of dirt. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 129 



Precautions to be Observed in Buying and Trafficking 

in Horses. 

In buying" a horse the greatest precaution is necessary 
lest the purchaser is cheated. Every part of the horse's 
body is liable to defects and derangements — it behooves us 
therefore in examining a horse not to be in too great of a 
hurry, especiallv if we have to deal with cunning and bold 
jockeys, who know how to disguise the faults, peculiarities 
and age of a horse, and how to manage to deceive the 
purchaser by all kinds of tricks, the effects of which are 
very useful in the hands of a designing jockey. In pur- 
chasing, this point should be well considered, lest we should 
pay for an apparent value which will sooner or later dis- 
appear and cause us to regret our purchase, hence I would 
advise those who do not understand this business to take 
counsel with a trusty friend instead of depending upon 
their own judgment in such dubious matter. 

Finally, we have to mention a few tricks which are fre- 
quently resorted to by horse dealers to faciliate the sale of 
Worses, these tricks are angleizing, dressing, peppering and 
whipping the horse. By angleizing a common horse, he is 
made to look nobler. Dressing the feet, mane and inner 
ear is a great means of embellishing the horse, for he seems 
to acquire a more imposing posture, the neck looks more 
slender and graceful, the hearing becomes more acute, he 
is more attentive to everything that is taking place 
around, and the pendulous ear looks more erect. 



130 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



Balling. 

To prevent the feet of horses from balling with snow, let 
the frog- of the hoof and the fetlock be cleaned and well 
rubbed with soft soap previous to going* out in snowy 
weather, it will effectually prevent their falling from what 
is termed balling. Accidents will be prevented by this 
simple precaution. 

String Halt. 

This is a kind of lameness peculiar to the hind quarters 
of the horse, which occasions a sudden jerking of the legs 
upwards, when it seizes the outside muscles the horse 
straddles and throws his legs outwards, when the inside 
muscles are affected his legs are twitched up to his belly, 
sometimes only one leg is affected ; the cure is difficult and 
rarely accomplished, rubbing and fomentations are rec- 
ommended with daily moderate exercise, by which the 
blood and spirits may be equally divided into the disordered 
muscle and its corresponding one. 



Hide Bound Horses. 

A horse that is hide bound grows lean, has a feverish 
heat, his skin sticks to his ribs, the spine becomes harder 
than usual, small boils break out on his back and yet his 
appetite sometimes continues good. As this disorder is 
seldom an original complaint, generally arising from some 
former cause, regard must be had to that cause in the 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 131 

method of cure. Bleed about i gallon from the neck vein, 
then take \ pint of linseed oil, \ pint spirits of wine, mix 
together and rub them strongly against the hair, in the 
warm sun in order that the skin may be relaxed and a 
sweat break out, after which the horse should be well 
curried and put in a warm stable with plenty of litter, then 
feed the condition powder once a day for ten days in a bran 
mash. 

Strain of the Shoulder. 

Horses that are weak before and lower footed with an 
unsteady tread are most liable to contract this disorder, 
which consists in a twist or sprain of the strong muscles 
that attach the shoulder to the body; taking up the foot 
and bending the limb will further prove the existence of a 
strain, if the horse evince pain, whereas if it lie in the foot 
the lame leg can be moved as supple as the other, the 
difficulty of ascertaining the real seat of lameness is some- 
times so great, being entirely invisible, as to cause many 
expedients to find the exact place, for this purpose hold up 
his head high and after comparing and finding no differ- 
ence in the shoulders, let go the head, when he would be 
observed to flinch upon bringing it towards the affected 
side; let a person rattle some corn in a seive at a distance 
behind him, alternating the sides, he will be observed to 
evince pain in turning his neck and straining the affected 
side, not so the pain in the foot ; the horse will step short 
and throw out his leg in a semi-circle when he has received 
a prick in shoeing, this last sign is not to be taken as final 
indication of a strain in shoulder, the foot is to be exam- 



132 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

ined and the smith questioned as to his skill and care- 
fulness in shoeing-. 

Cure, if the injury be considerable, as when a horse has 
been thrown, he should be bled at once in the plate vein, 
a laxative ball or purgative must follow, proportioned to 
the actual state of his body at the time ; I would advise a 
liniment for the same to be used once a day for ten days, of 
1 pint of alcohol, i pint linseed oil, 4 ozs. arnica, 2 ozs. 
squills, and 2 ozs. spirits of hartshorn. 

To Cure Wind Galls. 

On the first appearance of wind galls the cure should 
be attempted by restringents and bandage, for which 
purpose let the swelling be bathed twice a day with 
vinegar or a decoction of oak bark and alum, if this method 
after a proper trial should not be found to succeed, some 
authors have advised that the swelling be pierced with an 
awl, or opened with a knife, but mild blistering is in gener- 
al preferred to these methods, a little of the blistering oint- 
ment should be laid on every other day for a week, which 
brings on a plentiful discharge, but generally in a few 
days dries up, when the horse may be put to his work. 
This is the only method to save scars, which paring 1 leaves 
behind and unless skillfully executed too often leaves a full- 
ness of the joint with stiffness. 

Wind-Broken Horses. 

This disorder is commonly caused by surfeiting, violent 
exercise when the stomach is full, or by being ridden or 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 133 

driven into water when hot and sweaty, or from an obsti- 
nate cold not well cured. For the cure of this disorder I 
would advise that the horse should have good nourishment, 
plenty of corn and little hay, and that every day the water 
given him be impregnated with half an ounce of saltpetre, 
and two drachms of sal-ammoniac. The hay made of white 
clover is good for this disorder. 

To Save Horses from Fire. 

Horses are frequently burnt to death when barns and 
stables are on fire, owing to the impossibility of leading or 
driving them out of the building, while their eyes are 
dazzled by the blaze, I assure all that by simply covering 
their eyes with a bag, coat, or pocket-handkerchief, they 
may be led out of danger without trouble or difficulty. 



Weak Eyes or Hooks. 

First, rowel below the eyes and in the jaws, then if the 
eyes are much inflamed bleed two gallons from the neck 
vein, and use the eye wash or eye lotion every morning ; 
move the rowels every day, and let them remain in 15 or 20 
days. If the eye shows a white speck in the centre there 
is no cure for it— the nerve of the eye is affected, but as 
long as the eye runs water there is hopes of it, or the 
eyelids swell. All young horses are liable to have weak 
eyes. 



134: ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



Eye Lotion — How to Make It. 

Take a good quality of linseed oil, 1 pint, add to it 2 
ounces of spirits of ether, gum camphor -J oz. Let it stand 
in some warm place until the oil cuts the gum, and it is fit 
for use. Apply it to the eye every morning with a feather ; 
get it into the eye as well as possible. This is better in the 
winter than the wash, but the wash is best for summer. 



Eye Wash. 

Take sugar of lead 2 drachms, white vitrol 1 drachm, 
laudanum 1 dr., add to this 1 quart of soft water ; let it 
stand for 6 or 8 hours and it is fit for use. Wash the eye 
out well with cold water ; follow this up for 3 or 4 weeks, 
and then if the eyes are not much better, bleed and give 
mild physic. The horse should be kept on low diet and not 
overheated or worked too hard. Scalded bran and oats are 
good. 

Hoof Bound, or Tender Feet. 

Cause of this is fever in the feet. Founder or gravel, the 
symptoms are hot feet and a drawing in one inch from the 
top of the feet at the heels. Never have the feet spread at 
the heels nor rasped about the nail holes, for it will do the 
feet an injury. Follow the directions given here. Use 
either the hoof ointment or the hoof liquid ; apply it ac- 
cording to the directions. For hoof bound or tender feet, 
apply it all around the top of the hoof down one inch every 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 135 

third day ; if for split hoof, apply it every day. First have 
a Lbiff shoe on the foot and cleanse the cut or crack. Never 
cut or burn for it. 

Hoof Ointment. 

Take rosin 4 ozs., bees-wax 6 ozs., lard 2 lbs., melt togeth- 
er; pour it into a pot and add 3 ozs. of turpentine, finely 
pulverized verdigris, enough to color the mixture green, 1 
lb. of tallow, stir all until it gets cool. This is one of the 
best medicines for the hoof ever used. It is good for calks 
or bruises of the feet. Follow directions. 

Hoof Liquid. 

For tender feet, hoof bound, etc. Linseed oil or neats- 
foot oil, i pint of either, turpentine 4 ozs., oil of tar 6 ozs., 
origanum 13 ozs., shake well and apply it as the directions 
for the ointment tell. This is the best if the horse has been 
lame long — it penetrates the hoof sooner than the ointment 
— both of them should be applied at night, so that the 
horse can go to work in the morning. He need not lose 
one day's work. 

Lung Fever. 

Symptoms — The horse is taken with a chill and then 
breaks out in a cold, clammy sweat, holds down his head, 
never offers to lay down, but groans when made to move, 
ears and legs deathly cold. The cause of this is change 
from warm to cold stable, and too much cold water when 
warm. 



136 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

Cure — Bleed 4 gallons from the neck vein, and take 1 oz. 
of aconite, add to it \ gallon of cold water ; drench him 
with one gill of it every three hours, blister him over the 
lungs, then give him water to drink that hay has been 
boiled in, add to each gallon of it 1 oz. of gum arabic, and 
i oz. of spirits of nitre, give this every four hours, rub well, 
foment and rub the legs with alcohol and camphor until 
they get warm — do not move him. Keep him in the open 
stall if hot weather. 

Cleansing Powders. 

This is used when the blood is out of order, good to re- 
store lost appetite, yellow water, and to be used where it is 
spoken of. Take 1 lb. of good ginger, 4 ozs. of powdered 
gentian, 1 oz. of nitre, % oz. of crude antimony, mix it well, 
give one large spoonful every day in wet food. This is per- 
fectly safe. 

Hoof Evil, Thrush or Grease Heels. 

Cause of this disease is over feed, and a want of exercise, 
or standing in a filthy stable. Symptoms — A discharge of 
offensive matter from the frog of the foot and round the 
top of the foot ; often the frog of the foot will come out, 
then a stiff shoe must be put on to keep the foot from con- 
tracting. 

Cure — Bleed and physic, poultice the foot with boiled 
turnips, and some fine ground charcoal, this must be done 
every night for two or three nights, then wash the foot 
clean with castile soap and soft water, and apply the blue 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. i37 

ointment every day. Keep the horse on a clean floor and 
he will he well in twelve days. 

To Make the Blue Ointment, 

Take the ointment of rosin 4 ozs., i oz. finely ground ver- 
digris, 2 ozs. turpentine, 2 lbs. mutton tallow, i oz. oil orig- 
anum, \ oz. tr. of iodine, mix well. This is one of the 
best medicines that can be made, for scratches, hoof-evil or 
cuts, and is good to apply on fistula after the rowels are 
taken out. 

To Make the White Ointment. 

For rheumatism, sprains, burns, swellings, bruises, or any 
inflammation on Man or Beast, chapped hands, lips, black 
eyes or any bruise. Take fresh butter 2 lbs.,tr. of iodine 
| oz., oil origanum 2 ozs., mix well for fifteen minutes and it 
is fit to use. Apply at night, rub it well with your hand— if 
for human flesh lay on warm flannel. 

Nasal Gleet or Discharge from the Eye and Nose. 

The cause of this is neglect in distemper, or overheat or 
cold. This is a white discharge and is not contagious, and 
can be cured. 

Cure— Stop working him; take of alum i lb., J lb. 
of rosin, J lb. blue vitriol, grind and mix well with 
i lb. of ginger; give one large spoonful every night and 
morning; bleed one gallon. Keep him out of the wet and 
not work him. 



138 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



Disease of the Kidneys. 

Caused by feeding* dirt or musty grain, hard drawing, 
overloading, or too much turpentine. 

Cure — Blister over the kidneys, and give the following 
pills every day : Take 1 oz. rosin, 1 oz. juniper berries 
ground fine, 2 ozs. flour, make into a stiff paste, divide into 
7 pills, give one every night, use the cleansing powder 
every day ; if the horse has trouble to get up when down, 
swing him up for two weeks and give no food but that 
which is clean — this is half the cure. Do not work or ride 
him. 

Black Ldniment. 

This is good to apply on poll evil — fistula. Take of lin- 
seed oil i pint, tr. of iodine 3 ozs., turpentine 4 ozs., oil of 
origanum 1 oz., shake well and apply it every day, rub in 
with the hand, wash the part clean before applying it. 
This is good on any swelling. 

Sore Mouth or Tongue — Called Canker or Thrush. 

Symptoms — The mouth runs water; the horse throws his 
hay out of his mouth. The cause of this is often from 
frosty bits being put into his mouth or by eating poisonous 
herbs. 

Cure — Take of borax 3 drachms, 2 dr. of sugar of lead, | 
oz. alum, 1 pint vinegar, 1 pint of sage tea, shake together 
and wash the mouth out every morning. Give no hay for 
twelve days. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 139 



How to Remove Warts. 

Cut them out by the roots— Take the Tenaculum or hook, 
run it through the wart and draw and cut round it, and 
draw it out ; if it should bleed too much, take 5 grains of 
nitre of silver and 1 oz. of water, wet a sponge and merely 
touch the part with this wash, and it will stop the blood, 
treat as a fresh wound, every time you wash it scratch the 
scab off so the scar will be small. This is the only sure 
way to treat them. 

Bots. 

Symptoms— Very much like those of* colic— the ears and 
legs are hot, and sometimes the sweat will start in the flank 
and breast. 

Cure— Make | gallon of sage tea, add to it 1 oz. 
of alum, drench with one-half of it, and if he is not 
better in thirty or forty minutes, give the balance, and 
bleed 1 gallon. In six hours give a mild physic; this 
will never fail if given in time. Never give turpentine, as 
many do, it will affect the kidneys. 

Colic. 

Symptoms— The horse lays down and gets up often, and 
looks around at his flank ; his ears and legs are cold. Cause 
of this is cold water and change of food, over quantity of 
acid collecting in the stomach. 

Cure— Take laudanum \ oz., sulphuric ether 1 oz., \ 
pint of water, milk warm, drench, and if not better in 



140 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

forty or fifty minutes, bleed and repeat the drench. Do 
not allow the horse to be moved while sick. 

Founder in the First Stages. 

Symptoms— .The horse is stiff, his feet hot, and often 
trembles, very thirsty. 

Cure — Bleed from the neck vein 3 or 4 gallons, or until 
he falls, then give the following : ^ oz. of aloes, 4 drachms 
gamboge, -J oz. of oil of sassafras ; make this into a pill, 
give it, and give him all the sassafras tea he will drink ; 
turn up his feet and fill them full of boiling hot lard, bathe 
his legs in hot water and rub them well. This will never 
fail to cure in forty-eight hours. 

Sick Stomach — Debility. 

Symptoms — The horse refuses to eat, thirsty, hangs his 
head, reels when he walks, eyes are dull. 

Cure — Bleed \ gallon, then if he will eat a mash, give 
him one ; give no hay ; then give him \ oz. rhubarb every 
night until his bowels move, then take of gentian root 4 ozs., 
fenugreek 2 ozs., nitre \ oz.; mix and give a large tea- 
spoonful every day ; do not give too much to eat wh^n his 
appetite returns 

Distemper. 

Symptoms — Swelling under the jaws; can't swallow. 

Cure — Bleed 3 gallons and physic; then if a tumor is 
found under the jaws, open it — if not apply the general lini- 
ment to the swelling, or the white ointment — make it break 



ARTISTIC HORSE -SHOEING. 141 

on the outside if possible, then give the cleansing- powder 
for ten or twelve days in mashes. Turn him out if you can 
get pasture. 

General Liniment. 

Turpentine % pint, linseed oil \ pint, aqua ammonia 4 
ozs., tincture of iodine 1 oz.; shake it all well. This is used 
for different things spoken of in the different recipes, sores, 
swellings or sprains. 

Broken Knees. « 

This is caused by the horse falling on the knees, ^irst 
cleanse the part of all gravel and dirt, then wash them. 
Take 2 gills alcohol, \ oz. of arnica, tie the knees up in 
coarse linen, and if they swell in twenty-four hours, bleed 
and keep the bowels open with mashes, and then apply 
the blue or iodine ointment every other day. Do not use 
the horse until he is perfectly well, or it may cause the 
knees to break out again. 

Worms. 

Symptoms— The horse eats, but will not thrive; his belly 
gets big, his hair stays. 

Cure — Give 1 quart of strong tea made of wormwood, 
at night ; the next day give 7 drachms of aloes, 2 drachms 
of calomel, make it into a ball and give it; give no cold 
water for forty-eight hours, make it milk warm ; give him 
two or three bran mashes, and some of the cleansing pow- 



142 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

dei* ; if he shows any more symptoms, repeat the dose in 
three weeks. This will never fail. 

Physic Ball. 

One-half ounce of aloes, 3 drachms of gamboge, 20 drops 
of the oil of Juniper, make it into a pill with a few drops of 
molasses; wrap it up carefully in a thin piece of greased 
tissue paper ; draw out the tongue with the left hand, place 
the gag in the mouth, and run the pill back with the right 
hand until it drops off ; let the head down and give a sup of 
water. First prepare the horse by giving one or two 
mashes. 

Iodine Ointment. 

Get 1 oz. of the grease iodine, 1 pint of alcohol, let 
this stand in the sun two days, and this is the tincture of 
iodine. Take 2 ozs. of tincture and \ lb. of lard; mix 
them well, and you have the iodine ointment. This is used 
wherever the recipes refer to the ointment. 

Big or Milk Leg. 

This is brought on by a hurt, a want of action in the ab- 
sorbent system — it is dropsy of the muscles of the leg. 

Cure — Apply the liquid blister every three hours until it 
blisters ; then in six hours grease with soft oil of any kind ; 
then in eight days wash the part clean and apply it again — 
repeat it three or four times, then use the iodine ointment. 
If this does not remove it all apply the spavin medicine. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 143 



Liquid Blister. 

Take of alcohol 1 pint, turpentine \ pint, aqua ammonia 
4 ozs., oil of origanum 1 oz., apply this as spoken of 
every three hours until it blisters. Do not repeat oftener 
than once in eight days, or seven at least, or it will kill the 
haii\ 

How to Tame a Wild Horse. 

Halter him, and then take the warts from the leg", dry 
and powder, then blow it up his nose ; then take oil of aro- 
dium, drop a few drops on your hand and rub it over his 
nose — this will make him follow you and you can do any- 
thing you wish. 

How to Make a Horse Stand to be Castrated. 

Put chloroform on a sponge and hold it to his nose a few 
seconds until he closes his eyes ; remove it and halter him. 
This can be given to perform any operation. You can buy 
it at the drug store for seventy-five cents per pound. 

Spavin and Ring-bone Medicine. 

Take of cantharides 2 ozs., mercurial ointment 4 ozs., 
tincture of iodine 3 ozs., turpentine 4 ozs., corrosive 
sublimate 3 drachms ; mix all well with 2 pounds of lard, 
color it if you like. Follow the directions here given. 

If for ring-bone or bone-spavin, cut off the hair from the 
part affected, and merely grease the lump with the oint- 
ment. Rub it in well with the naked hand. In two days 



144 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

grease the part with lard, and in four days wash it off with 
soap and water, and apply the ointment again. So repeat 
it every four days. If for wind-galls or bog-spavin or curb, 
apply the ointment every six days. 

Johnston's Liniment* 

Take oil of origanum 1 oz., alcohol \ pint, oil of cedar 
\ oz., oil of cloves \ oz., turpentine \ oz., olive oil 8 ozs., 
shake well. This is used for most all complaints of the 
muscles. 

Opedeldoc. 

Take alcohol | g-allon, 2 pounds of castile soap, 4 ozs. 
of gum camphor, 2 ozs. oil of amber, place the alcohol into 
a pot in hot water, shave up the soap and keep it hot 
until all dissolves, and you have the original opedeldoc. 

Fresh Wounds. 

First, stop the blood by tying the arteries, or by apply- 
ing the following wash : Four grains of nitre of silver, 
1 oz. of soft water; wet the wound with this and then 
draw the edges together by stitches one inch apart, then 
wash clean, and if any swelling in twenty-four hours, bleed 
and apply the blue ointment, or any ~f the ointments 
spoken of. Keep the bowels open. 

Green Ointment. 

Take 6 pounds lard, put into a 10-gallon kettle, add 2 
gallons of water, cut jimpson weeds and fill them in and 



AUTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 145 

cook four to six hours, slow, until the water boils off, then 
put it into jars, add to each pound of ointment 1 oz. of 
turpentine. This is a good and cheap stable ointment, for 
scratches, galls, etc. 

Lampers. 

All young- horses are liable to this trouble — it is nothing 
but inflammation of the gums. 

Cure— Bleed or scarify the gums ; never burn off for it 
spoils the teeth and adds to the cause of the disease. Give 
a bran mash ; rub the gums with salt. Give the cleansing 
powders. 

To Make Old Horses Young, or Get Up and Howl. 

Take the tincture of asafcetida 1 oz., tincture of cantha- 
rides 1 oz., oil of anise 1 oz., oil of cloves 1 oz., oil of cinna- 
mon 1 oz., antimony 2 ozs., fenugreek 1 oz., 4th proof brandy 
\ gallon; let it stand ten or twelve days, and give ten 
drops in a pail of water, or to a gallon. 

To Make Ointment Like Sloan's. 
Take mutton tallow 4 lbs., bees-wax \ lb., turpentine 3 
ozs., melt over a slow fire and when partly cold add the 
turpentine and you have the same ointment Sloan sells for 
everything. Try it and prove its value. 

Butten Farcen. 

Cause— Overheat, high feeding, and no exercise. Symp- 
toms, the limbs swell up and break out in running sores. 



146 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

Cure — In the first stages bleed and physic, then take of 
gentian 2 oz., ginger 3 oz., make a stiff paste and divide 
into twelve parts, add to each separately 10 grains of arse- 
nic, make into pills, give one morning and evening, until it 
makes his mouth sore, then wash the sores clean, and apply 
the blue ointment to them. If not better in three weeks 
bleed and repeat the pills. Apply the different liniments to 
the legs if they swell. Be careful not to get the matter on 
a wound, for it will kill you ! 

Water Farcy. 
This is a swelling along under the chest and forward to 
the breast. Bleed and rowel in the breast and all along 
the swelling, six inches apart ; apply the general liniment 
to the swelling, move the rowels every day, let them stay 
in until the swelling goes down. Give soft food, mashes, 
with the cleansing powders in it. This is dropsy, and there 
are many causes for it. 

Diabetes. 

Too free discharge of urine, or cannot hold his water. 

Cure — Give | oz. tincture of cantharides every ten or 
twelve days, and if not entirely well repeat it, and bleed 1 
gallon from the neck ; feed clean food. The cause is rotten 
or musty grain, or too free use of turpentine. Keep him 
open with mashes and green food. 

Contraction of the Tendons in Neck. 
Symptoms — Often the head is drawn to one side ; again, 
the horse cannot get his head to the ground. Cause of this 
\s spraining the horse, and rheumatism contracts. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 147 

xjxxre — If it is taken in the first stages, bleed from the 
neck 2 gallons, then foment or bathe the part well with hot 
water ; rub it dry, and take the general liniment and apply 
two or three times a day, which will cure it. If it is of long 
standing blister along the parli affected, with liquid blister ; 
do this every three weeks until he is well, and rub with 
white ointment. 

For Rheumatism, 

Take alcohol ^ pint, oil of origanum \ oz., cayenne J oz., 
or gum myrrh \ oz., 1 teaspoonful of lobelia, and let all 
stand over-night, then bathe the part affected. This is the 
best medicine I ever used. 

Heaves, 

Take 4 ozs. balsam fir, 4 ozs. balsam copaiva, | oz. 
asafcetida, 4 ozs. vinegar, 3 ozs. alcohol. One teaspoonful 
every day. Tartar emetic, as much as will lay on a ten 
cent piece, every three days. 

Dope to Trade on. 

Four ozs. black antimony, 2 ozs. cantharides, A small 
spoonful twice a day will fat a horse in ten days. 

Condition Powders, 

One pound fenugreek seed, 1 lb. anise seed, \ lb. cream 
tartar, \ squills, 2 ozs. antimony. One tablespoonful twice 
a day in a bran mash. 



148 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

Gargling Oil. 

One quart linseed oil, 1 pint barbadoes tar, 1 pint turpen- 
tine, 4 ozs. oil of vitriol. 

To Spot a White Horse Black. 

Three ozs. litherage, 6 ozs. quick lime ; beat it fine and 
mix tog-ether, put into a pan and pour a sharp lye over it, 
then boil it and you will have a fat substance swim on the 
top with which rub on the horse in such places as you desire 
to have black. 

To Make a White Star. 

Take a knife and shave the hair off. Put oil of vitriol on 
the spot you design white, with a feather. 

Stoppage of the Urine. 

Symptoms — Frequent attempt to urinate, looking around 
at his sides, lying down, rolling and stretching'. 

Cure — Take \ lb. alum, 3 drachms oil of camphor, grind 
and mix. Make this in three pills. Give one every day 
with a drench made of a small spoonful of saltpetre, and 2 
ozs. water. 

Lock-Jaw. 

Bleed largely and apply chloroform to the nose until the 
jaws fly open. Put a gag in the mouth, and 2 ozs. tincture 
asafoetida every six hours, and a dose of physic. This will 
cure if there is any cure. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 149 



To Stop Blood. 

If you can get hold of the artery tie it up, if not use the 
following- : 10 grains nitrate of silver, and 4 ozs. of water. 
Apply it to the wound and it will stop bleeding immediate- 
ly. Apply this to warts after cutting them off. 

For Killing Lice. 

Take £ pound of sulphur, 1 oz. spirits turpentine, mix 
well with 3 lbs. of lard. Do not let the animal get wet. 
Give a few doses of condition powders. 

Loss of Appetite. 

Bleed half a gallon. Give a few doses of condition 
powders. If he lacks life, tie a small piece of asafcetida on 
his bit. 

Big Head. 

Four ozs. Venice turpentine, 2 ozs. Spanish flies, 2 ozs. 
oil origanum, 2 ozs. spirits hartshorn, 2 drs. corrosive 
sublimate. 

Thumps. 

Symptoms— The horse is almost exhausted, breathing 
is very hard. The difference between thumps and lung 
fever is distress of the heart, which you may hear at a 
distance of twenty feet. 

Cure— Bleed largely and it will stop suddenly. Dissolve 



150 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

1 dr. of nitre and a large spoonful of salt in i pint water, 
drench every six hours for three times. Do not work the 
horse for a week. 

To Cure Knee-Sprung Horses, or for Cord Soreness or 
Enlargement of the Joints, or Knuckling. 

Take2ozs. extract of Goullard's lead, 1 quart good cider 
vinegar. Let stand three or four hours and bathe cords or 
parts affected every night and morning. Use a bandage 
if convenient ; will remove all fever or inflammation. 



New Illustrated Appendix 

Showing 283 Styles of Shoes together 

with other Valuable 

Information. 



INTRODUCTION 

TO THE 

SECOND EDITION 



Modern farriery has become one of the most progressive 
of the sciences. For many years the standard works of the 
English, French and German authors were reprinted 
and followed as if the subject had been exhausted by them. 
But this view has given place in America to the most rigid 
examination into the wants of the American trotting horse, 
the latest development of the high bred and swift trotting 
horse; so that instead of American farriery being confined 
to the proper dressing of the foot and shoeing of the 
sound and unsound horse, investigation has been extended 
to the action or gait, and many invaluable shoeing devices 
have been invented by the ingenious American mind to 
regulate as well as to control the action of the horse both 
at the walk and at full speed. This is so great a step in ad- 
vance that European works are no longer regarded as the 
highest standard of authority, but the American treatises 
have largely taken their place both in Europe and America. 

The author has been impressed with this conviction for 
more than a decade. For forty years he has been a prac- 
tical blacksmith, and has shod all grades of horses from the 
ponderous Norman to the fleet-footed thoroughbred race 
horse. His place of business has been headquarters for 
the treatment of every species of lameness and abnormal 
condition of the foot, as well as the smithy for perfecting 
the gait and developing the speed, by the introduction of 
such shoes as each individual horse under treatment de- 
manded. 

Moreover, he has patiently studied the anatomy, pathol- 
ogy and mechanical action of the foot, limb and body, so 
that by this dual mastery of the theoretical and practical 



154 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

science of modern farriery he might leave, as a monument, 
a life work that would prove both instructive and useful to 
the horse community. When the first edition of the pres- 
ent treatise was published he believed he would not issue 
still another revised edition; but his constant study of the 
subject and his interviews with the leading trainers and 
shoers and horse owners of this country have evolved so 
many valuable inventions and so much improvement in the 
treatment of chronic disorders that another edition has be- 
come absolutely imperative. 

The author trusts that the second edition will meet all 
requirements of being the latest standard authority on mod- 
ern farriery. 

GEO. E. RICH. 



PREFACE 



TO 



SECOND EDITION 



Since he publication of the first edition of my treatise on 
Artistic Horseshoeing, so many additional cases have come 
to my attention of the results of neglect of the horse's foot, 
that I have concluded to embody them, with copious illus- 
trations in a complete final work to embrace all the import- 
ant matter contained in the first edition, as well as the ad- 
ditional contents comprised in the second edition. 

After a practical experience of nearly half a century at 
the forge and anvil, I trust that I have herein demonstrated 
my theory, by the most indubitable proofs, that the cause 
of most of the foot and leg diseases of the horse is to be 
attributed to the failure to properly balance the feet in 
shoeing. And I am upheld in my opinion by the best and 
most experienced trainers and horseshoers in the country. 
Readers of this, the second edition of Artistic Horseshoeing, 
therefore, will understand my theory; upon this I believe 
that the horseshoeing craft can rely faithfully, and I thus 
confidently proclaim it, so that the inquiring reader, who 
necessarily must be either a practical horseshoer, trainer, 
owner, or interested in the horse, may understand as he 
reads the reasons for the remedies and treatments for the 
disorders to the foot and leg herein described. 

Some diseases are recognizable at once and can be as- 
signed to known causes ; others appear only after a shorter 
or longer course of treatment and experiment, while many 
do not respond to the most exhaustive diagnosis. In the 
present instance I believe a very comprehensive field has 
been covered, and that a study of this book and the cases 
cited will enable the farrier to prescribe the proper treat- 
ment from his own diagnosis of cases. 



i 5 6 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

But it is not to diseases mainly that this edition is de- 
voted. The few remarks here relative to proper care of the 
feet are equally applicable to the sound horse, and make 
more emphatic the necessity for the care and preservation 
of the sound foot. 

It is my good fortune to number on my list of friends 
many of the most prominent horsemen and farriers in al- 
most all parts of the country, and for the many courtesies 
received from them at various times and places, my thanks 
are due. Particularly, it should be stated here, that I am in- 
debted to Prof. Russell, of Cincinnati, the well known au- 
thority on all subjects relating to the welfare of the horse, 
for his valuable assistance and suggestions opportunely 
given while I was pursuing the investigation of the princi- 
ples of this work, and continuing through an association 
of more than twenty-five years. 

G. E. RICH. 
* 239 S. Main St., Akron, O. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING 



METHOD OF SCIENCE, ART, AND COMMON SENSE. 

Necessity of Shoeing. — Since the employment of the 
horse in many pursuits renders it necessary that an artificial 
protection be employed to preserve his feet from injurious 
wear, it becomes a consideration of the first importance to 
know the proper method of doing this without seriously 
interfering with or destroying the functions of the foot, and 
so as in the least, to constrain its natural gestures while em- 
ploying its fullest powers. 

The effects of applying an iron defense to the horse's 
foot and securing it to the hoof with nails, are no doubt a 
source of injury to that organ, and even with the best of 
care a few of them are unavoidable ; but they are increased 
in number and heightened in intensity, when the shoe is 
badly constructed and attached, whereas a right under- 
standing of the subject will teach that those evils which are 
unavoidable may at least be greatly mitigated. 

) There are some points on the question of shoeing notori- 
ously at issue between writers and shoers, theorists, and 
practitioners, so that hardly any agreement can be found to 
exist even on essential principles, and this diversity of opin- 
ion will probably continue until the known human artifices 
shall have been superseded by unknown or natural agencies. 

All agree, however, that some artificial shield to the 
horse's foot is necessary, for employed as he is, his hoofs 
are unable to withstand the severe demands imposed upon 
them ; the wear more than exceeds the growth. 

Again, all unite in the belief that nothing more simple, 
inexpensive and efficient than a well-devised iron or steel 
shoe can at present be produced to meet the exigencies of 
the case, nor can the safe and ready method of attaching it 
by nails be displaced by any other means that we are ac- 
quainted with. 

Having to deal with the facts as we find them, there- 
fore, let us turn to a consideration of the best means which 
lie in our power of reducing, as much as possible, the 
evils so frequently attendant upon the practice of shoeing 
as commonly pursued. 



158 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

Past and Present. — Bad and indifferent shoeing are pro- 
ductive of but one result — serious injury to the animals 
shod — and rendering them more or less unfit for active ser- 
vice. It is the exercise of a higher knowledge and its scien- 
tific application that constitutes the true "art, trade and 
mystery" of farriery, as exemplified in the best practice of 
today; in which science as well as art and common sense, 
are operating to supplant the irrational, time-honored cus- 
toms (which were once a portion of the blacksmith's creed), 
and are now gradually raising the science of horseshoeing 
above the baneful influences of ignorance and traditional 
routine, to that position which its practical importance as 
a great national economic question justly entitles it. 

When it is thus conceded that some of the operations 
and practices of the art have been materially altered and 
improved upon, it is none the less true that the ordinary 
system of horse-shoeing, as it obtains in average hands, has 
not kept pace with the advancement noted. In too many in- 
stances it is observable that the art of the farrier is at vari- 
ance with the workings of nature, and what satisfies the one 
outrages the demands of the other. The result is strikingly 
conspicuous in the number of lame, maimed, diseased or dis- 
abled horses, involving a direct loss of valuable property, 
as well as much needless suffering in the noblest of our 
dumb animals. And to misapplied shoeing, a very large 
proportion of these evils is beyond all doubt, directly or in- 
directly traceable. 

Important to Horsemen. — The shoeing of horses is a 
work practically belonging to the smith, but as gentlemen 
and others who are owners of horses ought to know and be 
able to distinguish, at least in some degree, when it is ill or 
well done, it would seem an unnecessary precaution to 
recommend a matter of such personal interest to their at- 
tention. It is really surprising to learn, however, how in- 
different or neglectful of the well-being of their horses' feet 
and legs so many owners and drivers are. The foot is un- 
doubtedly the most important part of the animal, so far as 
his ultimate usefulness is concerned. And the affair of 
shoeing is so important in its consequences, both for the 
preservation of the foot, the safety of the legs, and the ease 
and comfort of their motion that horsemen and proprietors 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 159 

can not be too attentive to practical recommendations on 
the subject. For it must be borne in mind that among 
horseshoers there is as great diversity of opinion in regard 
to the performance of their work as there possibly can be in 
any other trade or calling, and theoretical speculations upon 
this subject have done but little for the farrier or the horse. 
I am convinced that many of these differences would disap- 
pear, together with most of the ailments and afflictions to 
which horses are liable under existing conditions, if a bet- 
ter knowledge of the natural formation of the foot and the 
relative value and office of its various parts, pervaded the 
great body of owners and trainers as a whole, than now 
exists. These troubles are caused, speaking generally, by 
the horse being out of balance on his feet, and, in justice to 
the much abused horseshoer, be it noted, they are quite as 
often due to erroneous ideas and "pet theories" of would-be 
horsemen being foisted into the workshop, as from any lack 
of ablity or ingenuity on the part of the farrier. 

In veterinary surgery, too, as an effective remedial or 
curative agent, for so many of the injuries and diseases af- 
fecting the health and soundness of the horse, scientific 
shoeing should occupy a foremost place ; yet it is a matter 
of deep regret that among this class of practitioners are 
many men who have neglected to properly study this most 
important branch of their profession, or, having acquired 
only an imperfect conception of it through books, are un- 
able to direct it with necessary discretion to any salutary ef- 
feet ; or, as has so frequently come within the trend of my 
experience, altogether pervert it, to the continued detriment 
of the patient and of the business interests involved as well. 
The moral of this is obvious. No humbug use of iron, nor 
theoretical experiments with it on the one side, nor blind 
groping in the dark on the other, will ever solve the "prob- 
lems of farriery," simple and easy as they really are, but 
made difficult contentions in the hands of quacks and igno- 
rant practitioners. 

Essential Knowledge. — To rescue the practice from such 
hands is the work of that higher knowledge to which I have 
already referred, and it is the application of such general 
facts of veterinary anatomy as explain the construction and 
functions of the foot, to the practical business of shoeing 



160 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

that will most largely contribute to this end. How other- 
wise, can the smith be expected to understand the normal 
size, shape and structure of the foot upon which he oper- 
ates, or how know the correct principles of shoeing and bal- 
ancing a horse on his feet? 

When a horse is at the shoeing forge "it is a condition, 
not a theory," that confronts the smith, and there is no 
longer room for doubt, and unless he knows, with positive 
certainty, just how to preserve or obtain the proper bal- 
ances and bearings of the foot he is utterly incapacitated to 
take charge of it. Science and art are combined in skillful 
shoeing. A knowledge of the structure and normal func- 
tions of every part of the foot, as well as of the legs from 
the knee and hock down, though not necessarily in their ul- 
timate scientific minutiae, are as necessary to make a per- 
fect shoer as is the mechanical skill to make a' perfect shoe. 

Condensed Anatomy. — Fully appreciating the import- 
ance of these suggestions and knowing that an accumula- 
tion of detail often deters the average reader and thus de- 
feats the design of the writer, a concise review of the gener- 
al anatomy of the horse's foot will be introduced here, con- 
taining only the briefest hint of the essential organs of lo- 
comotion, which may serve as a convenient reference chart 
to the general features of the subject under discussion. 

Speaking first of the external structure of the foot alone, 
the parts with which the farrier has to deal, are the wall, 
sole, bars and frog, all well enough known by name, but 
less familiar in their relations with other parts and the mode 
of their co-operation. 

The hoof is composed of horny, hair-like fibers, closely 
matted together and forms the natural protection of the sen- 
sitive foot. 

The wall is that part of the hoof visible when the foot 
rests naturally on the ground, end is the main factor in 
bearing the horse's weight. 

The bars are a continuation of the wall forming the 
ingles at the heel, and assist in the lateral expansion and 
oppose contraction of the heels and quarters. 

The sole is contained within the lower margin of the 
wall, and is a concaved plate of flexible horn covering the 
ground surface of the foot. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 161 

The frog forms the back part of the sole between the 
bars, and is the natural buffer of the foot for the prevention 
of injury and jar to the. limb. 

The wall grows indefinitely, but the sole and frog natur- 
ally throw off flakes or scales when they have grown to a 
certain thickness and are essential in their entirety for the 
maintenance of the foot in health and its protection from in- 
jury. The hoof incloses the coffin-bone, which is the ter- 
minal bone of the leg. 

To this bone are attached the principal tendons that 
bend and thrust the foot forward, and to it also grow the 
tough but tender, leafy tissues which dovetail into horny 
ridges on the wall; these attachments being technically 
called the sensitive and insensitive laminae. These leafy tis- 
sues working together, carry the stress of weight with an 
elastic movement, their variation, under pressure and with- 
out, being found to be about one quarter of an inch. The 
result is a wonderful elastic spring between the end of the 
leg and the external hoof, and this with the springy action 
of the coronary and frog cushions and lateral cartilages, 
acting together with the expansion of the arched bars — all 
being compressible under pressure — is the wise provision 
of nature to ward off and minimize the concussion on a 
horse's foot in motion. 

The Center of Gravity. — Having reached this point, let 
us observe the going as well as the external and internal 
structure of a horse's foot. The horse then who draws 
presses first on the toe, then successively on the sides to 
ease the toe, then upon the heel, from which it immediately 
rises again. Trotting and running horses press the toe rela- 
tively lighter, landing first upon the heel, but in either case 
the effort of the weight of the horses fixes the real point 
of support neither upon the heel or toe, but on the middle 
or ball of the foot — between both, where is located the cen- 
ter of gravity, which is easy to demonstrate anatomically: 
thus, the cannon-bone presses on the head of the upper past- 
ern, this on the lower pastern, this again on the navicular 
and coffin-bones, the center from where it is projected upon 
the ground bearings of the hoof without. In a sound and 
healthy organization, the succession of rapid movements 
of the living animal, adducts or shifts the center of gravity 



162 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

toward and through the median line or center of the heads 
of the coffin, eastern, and fetlock joints, in a smooth, even, 
and equally-balanced movement, and the function of loco- 
motion i3 performed v/It'i perfect and efficient activity. But 
let any change or irregularity, however slight or obscure, 
occur among the elements of the case, whether in the rela- 
tions of co-operating parts, or of form, dimension and loca- 
tion of foot bearings, whereby certain parts of a limb are 
forced to accept the portion of the weight which belongs to 
others ; in short, whatever tends to defeat the purpose of 
nature in organizing the locomotory apparatus by interfer- 
ing with or misdirecting its normal movement will ultimate- 
ly result in that loss of harmony and lack of balance be- 
trayed by disabled functions and testified by lameness. 

Emphasizing the Facts. — In thus digressing it is only to 
establish certain primary facts relating to the main sub- 
ject, in the hope of drawing attention to the necessity of 
every horseman and farrier clearly comprehending this 
branch of it before entering upon its sequel — the prepara- 
tion of the foot for the shoe — in order to prove that without 
it as a foundation upon which to rest the whole modus oper- 
andi, and as a final resource to fall back upon in all cases 
where accurate judgment is required, there can be no per- 
manently favorable results secured from any treatment in- 
stituted, howsoever skillful or experienced the operator may 
otherwise be. The value of appreciating this and of knowing 
the natural formation of the foot, is, practically to know 
when the foot is losing that natural form, so that it may be 
shaped and shod to assist nature in restoring it. How, then, 
shall we shoe a horse to preserve intact the normal condi- 
tions of the feet and legs, so as to afford them the necessary 
protection in the performance of their varied functions under 
the most exacting conditions which civilization can impose, 
enabling all to act together in perfect harmony and with 
absolute efficiency? 

Variation of Feet. — From the natural form of the hoof 
we perceive that it descends obliquely outward, whereby it 
becomes considerably broader at its basis than at the cor- 
onet ; it also declines in height toward the heel, and this 
change of contour, together with the changes of growth, 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 163 

affects its size and the degree of obliquity in its various 
parts. Too much importance can not possibly be attached 
by the workman to this variation, for it is of the first im- 
portance to discriminate accurately and determine positive- 
ly the normal and abnormal positions of the limb. It fre- 
quently becomes exceedingly difficult to do this, owing to 
the close similarity between the natural and unnatural posi- 
tions existing in horses of different breeds, and to do it sat- 
isfactorily will often require the exercise of the closest scru- 
tiny and draw upon all the resources of experience, sound 
judgmnt, and anatomical knowledge. Horses' feet are alike 
in their anatomical combination, but differ in conformation, 
condition, and size, and what will suffice to level and bal- 
ance one horse will have no satisfactory effect on others. 

The Angle of Incidence.— But in a majority of cases the 
solution of this first problem relating to the correct fall of 
the angle, of incidence may be easily obtained by carefully 
observing the outlines of the pasterns, and closely noting 
the motion of the whole extremity and especially of the 
joints. Sometimes the overgrowth in length of toe or heel 
is too distinctly evident to admit of error, but in every in- 
stance the shoer must not fail to make the foot the sub- 
ject of a thorough and intelligent examination, for upon his 
decision as to its natural position and the succeeding step, 
namely, leveling the ground surface of the hoof so that its 
angle will conform exactly to the inclination of the pasterns, 
is where the art of farriery comes in. 

What Rule to go by.— It would be misleading to lay 
down any arbitrary degree of obliquity, as it naturally 
varies more or less in almost every individual horse, short 
pastern horses standing at a greater angle than those with 
long pasterns, and hind feet more than the fore ; hence, the 
natural bias of the superimposed structures is the only safe 
guide to follow. 

How to get on in the Work.— As the slightest departure 
from exactitude here renders whatever amount of care that 
may be devoted to the completion of the work worse than 
useless, and as every one knows that accurate leveling can 
not be 'done by the unaiued eye, a mechanical means must 
be resorted to for the purpose, and a scientific leveler and 
compass should therefor form part of every farrier's outfit. 



1 64 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 165 



CASE NO. 1. 

No. I— This shoe is a side-weight extension with square toe 
and bar, with a long drag heel outside. I use this shoe for cross- 
fire pacers. It is one of my latest designs and I have stopped a 
great many cross-fires. This shoe, as shown here, weighs g l / 2 oz. 

No. 2 — This is a front shoe, side weight with side calks, toe 
and heel. You will notice that the outside toe is about 2 inches 
longer, coming around on the toe so that it makes the shoe a 
square toe. 

No. 3. — This is a front foot shoe to lessen the knee-action, 
shorten the stride and prevent forging. 

No. 4— This is a hind foot shoe with a grab toe, for trotters 
or pacers. 

No. 5 — This is a 5 oz. hind shoe, for trotters or pacers, with 
bar to keep the shoe from spreading. 

No. 6 — This is a side-weight extension front shoe, for inter- 
fering. The foot should be measured from corner band to sur- 
face of bottom part of foot, wherever you apply the shoe For 
full information, see page 60. 

No. 7 — This is a hind or front foot shoe, with spoon shape 
paddle to fit over frog of foot to allow us to pack and treat a very 
bad case of thrush. 

No. 8 — This is a new style packing shoe with bars across as 
shown in shoe, so that we can take out the packing and replace it 
without removing the shoe. 

No. 9 — This is a hind foot shoe with long outside heel calk, for 
trotter or pacer. 

No. 10 — This is a running plate or front foot shoe, weighing 
Y4 oz. 

No. 11 — This is a front foot shoe bar for a running horse and 
weighs 1 oz. 

No. 12 — This is a hind foot shoe running plate and weighs 
Y\ oz. 

No. 13 — This is a hind foot shoe for trotters or pacers, with 
heel and toe calks and nail holes raised so that the heads will 
set inside. This shoe weighs S Z A oz. 

No. 14 — This is a plain, ordinary hind shoe and weighs 7 oz. 

No. 15 — This is a plain, ordinary hind shoe, with heel and toe. 

No. 16 — This is a convexed bar for trotter or pacer. 

No. 17 — This is a square toe, side-weight shoe, very light in- 
side for ankle-hitters. 

No. 18 — This is an ordinary, side-weight hind shoe for ankle- 
hitting. 



i66 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 167 



CASE NO. 2. 

No. 19 — This is a grab toe shoe with long side heels, for hind 
foot. 

No. 20 — This is a toe weight with grab toe and bar combined. 

No. 21 — This is a front shoe with extended rim all around. 

No. 22 — This is a hind foot, bar shoe for trotter or pacer. 

No. 23 — This is a convexed front shoe, creased. 

No. 24 — This is a side-weight, square toe shoe, for ankle- 
hitting. 

No. 25 — This is a plain, ordinary, flat shoe for front foot. 

No. 26 — This is a hind foot shoe with convexed toe grab and 
heel calks. 

No. 27 — This is a side-weight bar shoe. 

No. 28 — This is a square toe hind shoe with outside heel Y\ 
inch longer than inside with a calk on inside of toe. 

No. 29 — This is a rolling-motion bar for front foot, for in- 
creasing the action. 

No. 30 — This is a side-weight shoe, rounded on the inside from 
point of toe to third nail hole. 

No. 31 — This is a front foot shoe with grab toe. 

No. 32 — This is a front foot double half-bar for case of con- 
traction. 

No. 33 — This is a very light weight hind foot bar shoe with 
outside *y 2 inch longer than inside. 

No. 34 — This is a very light toe weight, front shoe. 
No. 35 — This shows a diamond shape front shoe bar. 
No. 36 — This is a plain 24 mcn front shoe. 
No. 2>7 — This is an old style cross-firing shoe. 
No. 38— This is a front bar shoe with four (4) calks running 
lengthways. 

No. 39 — This is a 5 oz. running plate for hind foot. 

No. 40 — This is a hind foot, half-bar shoe. 

No. 41 — This is a front bar shoe, made of half round iron. I 
use this shoe in case of corns and ingrown quarters by putting the 
half bar on one-half of frog and taking the pressure off of the 
heel under the half-bar. 



i68 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 169 



CASE NO. 3. 

No. 42 — This is a side weight shoe, extended outside long 
heel for interfering. 

No. 43 — This is a side-weight shoe with raised rim all around 
the outside. 

No. 44 — This is still another style of hind shoe, for trotter or 
pacer, with hind toe and heel calks. 

No. 45 — This is a square toe shoe with calk toe and heel, 
as represented, for trotter or pacer, that wears heavy on the out- 
side. 

No. 46 — This is a hind foot shoe, with toe and heel calks, for 
trotter or pacer. 

No. 47 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with heel to extend 2 
inches back of foot bearing, to support back tendons and ankle. 

No. 48 — This is a swedged bar shoe as shown in cut. 

No. 49 — This is a co/ivexed bar for front foot. 

No. 50 — This shows another style of light hind shoe with bar, 
for trotter or pacer. 

No. 51 — This is a grab toe hind shoe with heel and toe. 

No. 52 — This is a hind foot shoe to deaden the action and 
stride of the hind foot. The cut shows no heel calks but in a great 
many cases, I use a heel calk on it. 



170 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 171 



CASE NO. 4, 

No. 53 — I refer you to page No. 70. 

No. 54 — This is still another grab weight bar shoe for front 
foot. 

No. 55 — This is a heavy toe weight shoe with light heels. 
No. 56 — This is a still heavier front shoe with toe weight, 
having opening in toe weight to trim point of frog. 
No. 57 — This is a plain, ordinary front foot shoe. 
No. 58 — This is a hind foot shoe with square toe and light 
heels. I use this in a great many cases to make the horse go over 
with toe square. 

No. 59 — This shoes a front foot bar shoe with heavy heels and 
light convexed toe and is used to deaden the stride of the front 
feet. 

No. 60 — This is still another front foot toe weight. 
No. 61 — This is an old style toe weight, convexed shoe, for 
front foot. 

No. 62 — This is a front foot bar for bad hitting, as recommend- 
ed and made by Wm. H. Russell. 

No. 63 — This is a plain front shoe, weighing 8 oz., with long 
heel calks and a grab toe. 

No. 64 — This is a front shoe, beveled from last nail back of 
foot surface, to be used in contraction in case we don't use any bar. 
No. 65 — This is a toe and heel calk front or hind shoe with 
groove cut in, to be used on hard track or ice. 

No. 66— This is the old-fashioned New York bar shoe, nearly 
round. 

No. 67— This shows you still another style of rolling motion 
shoe. 

No. 68 — This shows a hind foot, interfering shoe with toe 
calk on inside, near the two front nail holes and was designed by 
Russell. 

No. 69 — This shows you still another hind foot shoe for inter- 
fering, with one (i)calk on the inside of shoe, near the two heel 
nail holes. 

No. 70 — This is another interfering shoe, beveled all around 
outside from inside toe. Inside very straight. 

No. 71— This is another style of interfering shoe for hind foot 
with calk running from toe to heel inside of nail holes with 
a heavy outside heel. 

No. 72 — This shows a front foot shoe with bars from heels to 
toe, to be used in packing foot. 



172 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 173 



CASE NO. 5. 

No 7^—This is a front foot shoe, as shown in cut, made of 
steel with bar running from heel, to be fitted down between heel 
and frog, to be used as a spreader. 

No. 74 __l r efer you to pages No. 68 and No. 69. 
No 7 r_This is a front foot shoe for interfering. From cen- 
ter of point of frog perfectly level on inside with inside roll, as 
shown in cut 

No 76— This is a five (5) calk shoe. I designed this _ shoe 
thirty-five years ago to be used on a tread power running a 
threshing machine The object of my putting the extra two (2) 
calks on the sides is to keep the horse from catching his toe be- 
tween the lags of the tread power and running him ort. 

No. 77— This is a convexed, rolling motion shoe for front foot. 
No 7 8— This is a rooling motion shoe for front foot with 
heels to increase the action of the horse in front. 

No 70— This is a rolling motion, convexed bar shoe with high 
heel. I have used this shoe in case of founder or lamimtis. 

No 80— This is a joint shoe, open in toe, with heel and toe 
calks, to be used in bad cases of contraction. 
No. 81— This is a convexed front shoe. 
No. 82— This is a plain, ordinary, old style front shoe. 
No. 83-This is a bar shoe for front or hind foot with strap 
as you will see in cut, to be used in case the back tendon has been 
cut or raptured. I place a bandage above the ankle then pull up 
this oart and bandage it also and it acts as a joint. If the tendons 
are cut the horse's foe will turn up but by using this shoe, we can 
knit or sew the tendons together. 

No 84— This is a convexed front shoe with spur to turn up 
over toe to receive the artificial toe weight. 

No. 85— This is an ordinary hind shoe, side-weight with 
feather inside heel. 

No 86— This is a bar shoe, open at the toe and heel so that by 
putting'the pressure on the frog, the foot is expanded very easily. 

No. 87— This is a convexed front shoe bar with heels. 



174 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. . 175 



CASE NO. 6. 

No. 88 — This is a hind foot shoe to deaden the action of the 
horse, with plain, flat toe. 

No. 89 — This is a heavy heel weight shoe with light convexed 
toe. I use this shoe for arm-hitting with good results. 

No. 90. — This is still another style of shoe for interfering. 

No. 91 — This is an ordinary hind foot shoe for interfering, 
with a long outside heel and light inside heel calks. 

No. 92 — This is another convexed bar. 

No. 93 — This is another style of a hinge shoe to be used in 
cases of contraction. It is very thin through the frog to come 
in contact with the ground. 

No. 94 — This is a convexed front shoe, with three (3) nails 
on a side and well in front. 

No. 95 — This is another style of hind foot shoe for interfer- 
nig, with long outside heel. 

No. 96 — This is a heavy toe weight shoe for increasing the 
action in front. 

No. 97 — This is another style of toe weight, rolling motion 
shoe with light heels, to be used to make a horse knee-act. 

No. 98— This is a double half-bar front shoe to be used in case 
of contraction or corns. 

No. 99 — This is an ordinary front or hind foot shoe with part 
drawn out, as shown in cut, to cover a bruise or puncture of a nail. 

No. 100 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with square toe, for 
trotter or pacer. 

No. 101 — This is a hind foot shoe with extension outside and 
heel calks, for interfering. 

No. 102 — This is a front foot shoe with holes well in front to 
give the horse plenty of frog pressure. 

No. 103 — This is a convexed toe weight, front shoe creased. 

No. 104 — This is an ordinary, plain front shoe. 

No. 105— This is an old style mule shoe with heel and toe calks. 



176 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 177 



CASE NO. 7. 

No. 106 — This is a plain, ordinary front shoe. 

No. 107 — This is a toe weight bar shoe. 

No. 108 — This is a convexed grab toe bar shoe. 

No. 109 — This is a side weight front shoe for interfering. 

No. no — This is a plain, ordinary front bar shoe. 

No. in — This is an extended side-weight shoe with extended 
toe, as shown in cut, for bad knee-knockers. The object of having 
this extend so far is to make the horse break over in the toe. 
No horse can become a knee-knocker or ankle-hitter if he goes 
over the toe straight. 

No. 112 — This is a convexed front shoe for interfering with 
inside of shoe rolled from front of frog to heel. 

No. 113 — This is still another style hind foot shoe for inter- 
fering, and the weight to be applied opposite the point of hitting 

No. 114 — This is a shoe with extension on the outside point as 
shown in cut, for padding. 

No. 115 — This is a side weight, double half bar combined. 

No. 116 — This is a toe weight, convexed shoe for front foot. 

No. 117 — This is a toe weight, perfectly flat on ground surface, 
with bar attached. 

No. 118 — This is another style side weight front shoe for in- 
terfering. 

No. 119 — This is a convexed and rolling motion from toe to 
heel shoe for front foot. 

No. 120 — This is a plain, ordinary front foot shoe for pacer, 
very light. 

No. 121 — This is another style of toe weight shoe for front foot. 



i 7 8 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 179 



CASE NO. 8. 

No. 122 — This is what is termed and called a full-scissors shoe. 
The outside quarters being bare with heel and toe if required, and 
the bar running back covers the whole front and leaves the quar- 
ter of the foot without any bearing. The first one of these shoes 
I ever saw was in Chicago, ten (10) years ago. 

No. 123 — This is a very heavy, thick toe weight front shoe. 

No. 124 — This is another style of spoon or paddle attached to 
heel of shoe to cover frog to hold packing in case of thrush. 

No. 125 — This is a bar shoe with bar running and welding at 
toe. I have used this shoe in bad cases of navicular trouble. 

No. 126 — This is the old style cross bar shoe for stifle trouble. 

No. 127 — This is a plain, ordinary front shoe with steel plate 
inside and open as shown in cut for frog to come through. The 
object of this is to give sole pressure. 

No. 128 — This is a convexed front shoe. 

No. 129 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with half bar at- 
tached. 

No. 130 — This is another style of "stifle" shoe. 

No. 131 — This is a plain bar front shoe used in very bad cases 
of contraction. 

No. 132 — This is a rolling motion front shoe with convexed 
sides. 

No. 133 — This is another style of front bar shoe. 

No. 134 — This is still another style of side-weight shoe<and 
the heavy weight to be applied on the inside of foot. I use this 
shoe in case the horse is not straight on his legs or stands out from 
the knees down. 

Nc. 135 — This is a front foot shoe with good long heel calks 
to take the strain off the tendons. 

No. 136 — This shows you a plain, ordinary front shoe with 
heel raised Y\ inch higher to let the horse over the toe easily. 

No. 137 — This is a front foot shoe for interfering, with inside 
heel feathered. 



iSo 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 





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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 181 



CASE NO. 9, 

No. 138 — This is a square toe, extended outside with long heel, 
for bad cross-firing. I have stopped, in the last six (6) years, a 
great many fast horses with this style shoe. 

No. 139— This is a hind foot shoe with heel calks to prevent 
a horse from standing on his toe and not standing down on his 
whole foot. A horse that travels on his toe kills the growth of his 
foot and the heel will grow larger. In cases of this kind, I extend 
the shoe over the toe from y 2 inch to 1 inch, and it will be impos- 
sible for the horse to get up on his toe when pulling. 

NO. 140— This is a shoe designed for a toe-dragger or forger. 

No. 141 — This is a square toe, side weight, hind shoe with in- 
side heel raised Y^ inch to y% inch higher than the outside. 

No. 142 — This is a side weight hifld shoe. 

No. 143 — This is an inside hind foot shoe for trotter or pacer, 
with square toe and drag heel. 

No. 144 — This is a long outside and inside heel shoe with grab 
toe for hind foot. 

No. 145 — This is still another side-weight shoe, being straight 
on the inside point of toe near the two (2) first nail holes. 

No. 146 — This is a convexed bar shoe as recommended by Wm. 
Russell. The first One I ever saw was in an exhibit in Philadelphia, 
Pa., in 1876. 

No 147 — This is a feather-edged inside shoe with a side weight 
for hind foot for interfering. This is one of the best interfering 
shoes that can be used on the pavement. 

No. 148 — This is a hind foot, plain, ordinary shoe with 
heel calks. 

No. 149 — This is a side-weight hind shoe with extension out- 
side. Get the measurements as before stated. 

No. 150 — This is a bar shoe with side-weight and toe-weight 
combined. 

No. 151 — This is a drop-crease hind foot shoe, convexed. 

No. 152 — This is a hind foot shoe, with inside toe calks and 
inside and outside heel calks, for interfering. 

No. 153 — This is a plain "Odd Fellow" shoe with three (3) 
links. I made this shoe as I have been a member for thirty (30) 
odd years and I think a great deal of it 



l82 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




CASE NO. 10. 



No. 154 — This is a plain, ordinary shoe with toe well rolled and 
weighs 28 oz. I use this shoe in knee-acting. I can take a horse that 
never knee-acts and in a short time he will be a knee-actor. 

No. 155 — This is a front foot bar shoe with bar running to 
point of frog. In some cases, I have found this to be a bad idea 
as the horse might strike a rock and bend the point of this bar 
down so as to press on the frog too hard and thus injure it. I 
make a bar something like you will see on page No. 41. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 183 

No. I5 6 — This is another style of front shoe with a grab toe 
for deadening the action of the horse in front. 

No. 157 — This is a rolling motion half-bar shoe for the front 
foot and explaining the half-bar shoe, I will refer you to page 
No. 45. 

No. 158 — This is a shoe I designed for a nigger-heeled horse 
that hits his knees or a pigeon-toed horse. By using this shoe 
on a pigeon-toed horse, we put the weight on the outside of the toe 
and inside of the heel. By using this shoe for a nigger-heeled 
horse, we put the weight on the inside of the toe and the outside 
of heel and you will find, when the horse goes to pick up weight 
on inside toe, it will counteract the outside heel, and toe will be 
pulled in, so you can readily see that by using this shoe, we get ac- 
tion with toe and heel at the same time. 

No. 159— This is the first rolling-motion shoe I ever made. I 
made this shoe over thirty (30) years ago, under Robt. Bonner's 
instructions. 

No. 160— This is another style bar shoe for hind foot with 
toe set well back and is a great deal like the "Memphis" shoe. I 
have used this shoe in cases of horses that have been strained in 
their ankles by raising them up y 2 inch with the bar behind higher 
than at the toe, thus taking the strain off and letting them over the 
toe easy. 

No. 161 — This is a shoe very thin on toe and tapers back, heel 
being from 3/ 4 inch to 1 inch high. I use this shoe in case of 
spavins or ring-bone. 

No. 162— This is a toe weight front shoe. 
No. 163 — This is a very heavy rolling motion front shoe. 
No. 164— This is a square toe, side weight shoe, inside very 
short. 

No. 165 — This is another style cross-firing shoe with drag heel 
and toe calks jumped on outside point of toe. 

No. 166— This is a very light hind foot bar shoe for trotter or 
pacer. 

No. 167 — This is a shoe with square toe and drag heel bar, 
intended for a cross-fire, like No. 165. 

No. 168— This is still another rolling motion, toe-weight shoe. 
No. 169 — This is a shoe made out of half round iron, designed 
for colts. Explained on page No. 65. 

No. 170 — This is a convexed front shoe with half-bar con- 
nected. See page No. 45. 

No. 171— This is an extended, side weight, square toe shoe to 
be used in front, for interfering. 

No. 172— This is another style of side-weight shoe for inter- 
fering behind. 



184 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 185 



CASE NO. 11. 

No. 173 — This is a convexed front shoe with scood toe. 

No. 174 — This is a front shoe with bar set well ahead. This is 
the first shoe with a bar to protect navicular trouble that I ever 
got out. 

No. 175— This is a side-weight, half-bar shoe combined. 

No. 176— This is a front shoe with bar across seat of navicular 
trouble. The object of this shoe is to keep bearing and pressure 
off the part affected. 

No. 177— I refer you to page No. 52. 

No. 178— This is a common front shoe with heel and toe calks. 
No. 179 — This is a convexed heavy toe bar shoe for front foot. 

No. 180— This is a toe weight and heel weight shoe, very light 
inside, with a heavy half-bar attached, to be used on front foot. 

No. 181— This is a side weight shoe and bar combined, for 
front foot. 

No. 182— This is a grab toe and very light side front shoe. 

No. 183— This is a bar shoe, nailed outside; two (2) nails inside 
and rolled on inside point of toe. 

No. 184— This is a rolling motion bar. 
No. 185— This is a rolling motion front shoe, light. 
No. 186— This is a grab toe, hind foot shoe. 
No. 187 — This is a plain ordinary front shoe. 
No. 188— This is another style of shoe for deadening the ac- 
tion in front. 



i86 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 187 



CASE NO. 12. 

No. 189 — This represents a very light front shoe for pacers, 
with toe extended out as shown in cut, with long heel calks. 

No. 190 — This is a hind foot shoe for pacer that twists foot as 
it is set down and picked up. It is made with an outside flange 
running from heel to toe and a heavy inside heel calk and toe 
calk, set opposite the first two (2) nails on the inside. 

No. 191 — This is an extended square toe, drag heel shoe for 
trotter or pacer, with 1 inch straight on the inside point where 
first nail should be. 

No. 192 — This is a hind shoe with straight or nearly straight 
heels, for saddle horse. 

No. 193 — This is a plain groove shoe with raised crease. 

No. 194 — This is a shoe that I made thirty-three (33) years 
ago, under Robt. Bonner's instructions and is now called the 
"Great Memphis" shoe. I also have a bar shoe, No. 195, with the 
calks across the same. This is the shoe there has been so much 
talk about. I have ruined horses' gaits with this shoe, and in other 
cases have increased their record and speed. I have used this 
shoe for the last thirty-three (33) years. 

No. 196 — This is a plain, ordinary shoe, cut across as cut 
shows and I have used this shoe for racing on the ice and it is a 
first-class shoe for hard ice. It will not deaden the action of the 
horse by climbing over a high toe. 

No. 197 — This is a shoe made out of an old rasp, to be used 
on trotter or pacer on hard track. 

No. 198 — This is a hind foot shoe with grab toe, made from an 
old rasp. 

No. 199 — This is another great shoe they call the "Memphis" 
shoe, with calks running parallel as you will see in cut. I use this 
in cases of horses wearing too hard on one side. 

No. 200 — This shows you my great saddle shoe. I take a piece 
of iron and bend it nearly the shape of shoe, then I take a set ham- 
mer and let the helper strike it and cut a groove, some four (4) or 
five (5) of these grooves on each side. After this I punch my nail 
holes in the groove and by doing this, we get from three (3) to (4) 
weeks' wear before we get down to the nail heads. 

No. 201 — This is a plain, long heel hind shoe to support the 
ankle. 

No. 202 — This is an extended long heel shoe for hitters. 

No. 203 — This is a plain, ordinary shoe for front foot. 

No. 204 — This is a light bar shoe with point running from toe 
to point of frog. 

No. 205 — This is another style of hind foot shoe with bar. 

No. 206 — This is a side-weight, extension square toe hind foot 
shoe for interfering. 



i88 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 189 



CASE NO. 13. 

No. 207 — This represents half-scissors shoe, to be used in case 
of bad quarter-cracks or corns on one side. 

No. 208— This is another style of bar shoe I use in navicular 
trouble. 

No. 209— This is a four (4) calk shoe as explained on page 
No. 54. 

No. 210— This is a front shoe— double half bar with long ex- 
tended heels. See page 73- 

No 2II __This is another style of square toe, extended side 
weight shoe with drag heel, for pacer or trotter. 

No 212— This is a rolling motion, toe bar shoe, high across the 
centers, designed and made by me, under Robt. Bonner s instruc- 
tions. I use this in a great many cases of founder or ring bone. 

No. 213 This is a rolling motion double-half bar. 

No. 214 — See cut — page 57. 

No 015—This is a long heel, toe extension front shoe for 
horse rocking over in front and I used this shoe in a great many 
cases, on the hind foot. 

No 216— This is a convexed front shoe, weighing 6^ oz. 
No. 217— I refer you to page 60. 

No. 218— I refer you to page 51, but use the inside heel calk 
and outside heel calk. 

No 2IQ _This is a front foot shoe for hitting, with half bar, 
combined. 

No. 220— This is a double half-bar shoe. See page 73- 
No. 221 — See page 49. 

No. 222— This is a hind foot shoe with heels running length- 
ways and extended toe calks. Very light. 



190 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 191 



CASE NO. 14. 

No. 223 — This is a hind foot shoe for interfering, where horse 
strikes at third nail hole, as shown in cut. 

No. 224— This is a front shoe for ankle-hitting which is straight 
from inside point of toe to third nail hole, only using three (3) 
nails on the inside. 

No. 225 — This is a shoe for front foot, made in swedge with 
ridge ail around inside of nail holes. 

Mo. 226 — This is a hind foot shoe with rolling motion toe, with 
long heels and side calks, to take the strain off of horse's ankle, 
which is troubled with curbs, spavins or sore tendons. 

No. 227 — This is a front foot convexed shoe— nails all around 
toe. 

No. 228 — This is a heavy side weight shoe for front or hind foot, 
as the case requires. 

No. 229 — This is a side weight, front shoe. See page 49- 
No. 230 — This is a heavy rolling motion toe weight— page 75. 
No. 231— This is a very thin, light plate shoe for trotter or 
pacer, front foot. 

No. 232 — This is a side weight bar with side weight extension, 
for front foot. 

No 233— This is a side weight shoe for hind foot. Weight, as 
you will see, near heel. Always put the main weight of shoe appo- 
site point that horse strikes with. 

No. 234 — This is a very heavy, drop-crease front shoe. 
No. 235— This is one of my old style rolling motion shoes, 
made thirty-five (35) years ago. 

No. 236 — This is another style of hind shoe with little roll at 
toe, to relieve curbs or spavins. 

No. 237 — This is a front foot shoe, creased and punched well 
inside to be used on a front foot that is smaller than the other 
front foot The object of this shoe is to let the shoe extend over 
the foot so as to make the ground surface bearing the same size as 
the other foot. This shoe will make the horse go over with the 
same action of both feet. 

No. 238— This is a hind foot shoe with rolling motion; long 
heels, well swedged in in order to let the nails go down low. 
No. 239 — This is a front shoe, convexed bar. 
No. 240— This is a rolling motion and convexed front shoe. 
No 241— This shows another style of interfering hind foot 
shoe with weight near outside point of toe. As I have said regard- 
ing previous shoes, this weight should be opposite point horse hits 
with. 

No. 242— This is another style of plain, front shoe. 



192 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 193 

CASE NO. 15. 

No. 243 — This is another style of hind foot shoe, for interfer- 
ing. 

No. 244 — This is another style of hind foot shoe for pacer or 
trotter, with grab toe extending around to third nail hole on the 
outside. 

No. 245 — This is a shoe designed with calks for a horse that 
stands on the other foot and cuts the corner band. You will see by 
this cut, that this shoe is turned over and it is impossible for the 
horse to stand on the other foot and injure it. 

No. 246 — This is another style of hind foot shoe for cross-firing 
or interfering, designed by Wm. Russell. 

247 — This is another style of interfering hind shoe with heavy 
grab toe. 

No. 248 — This is a front shoe to be used in case of arm-cut- 
ting. 

No. 249 — This is a front foot shoe with pads drawn out as 
shown in cut, tu be used in case of bad corns or bruised heels. 

No. 250 — This is an ordinary, heavy draft shoe. 

No. 251 — This is a toe tip, toe-weight. 

No. 252 — This is an ox shoe and horse shoe combined together, 
made out of spring steel and I made this shoe thirty (30) odd years 
ago. 

No. 253 — This is still another style of grab toe, hind foot shoe : 
for trotter or pacer. 

No. 254 — This is a toe weight, front shoe. 

No. 255 — This is another style of hind foot shoe with grabr 

No. 256 — This is a toe weight, convexed bar for front foot. 

No. 257 — This is a toe-weight and side-weight combined, for 
balancing horse while hitching. 

No. 258 — I refer you to page No. 60, which will give full in- 
formation. 

No. 259 — This is a hind foot shoe, made out of half-round iron 
and is designed for a first-class snow shoe. 

No. 260 — This is an old style side weight front shoe for hitting. 

No. 261 — This is a toe tip shoe — see page 44. 

No. 262 — This is a track running plate for front foot. 

No. 263 — This is another style of shoe, used in paddling. 

Nc. 264 — This is an ordinary drop-crease front shoe. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 




ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 195 



CASE NO. 16. 

No. 265 — This is another style of shoe where horse stands on 
corner band-. 

No. 266 — This is a square toe, side weight extension heel for 
hitting. I do not shoe any interfering horse, in late years, without 
using a square toe side weight or extended side weight. 

No. 267 — This is another style of hind shoe for interfering with 
weight in center. As before, will state this extra weight should be 
placed opposite part that horse hits with. 

No. 268 — This is another convexed toe weight front shoe. 

No. 269 — This is a side-weight front shoe, widened out well on 
heel for inside of shoe. 

No. 270 — This is an extension that I use in case of forging, for 
hind foot. Page 35. 

No. 271 — This is a side-weight and half-bar combined, for front 
foot. 

No. 272 — This is a spreading shoe, designed by Magner. 

No. 273 — This is a front foot bar shoe, made in swedge with 
rim all around outside of nail holes. 

No. 274 — This is another square toe front shoe — very light. 

No. 275 — This is the first style cross-firing shoe I ever made. 

No. 276 — This is a front or hind foot shoe, made out of half- 
round iron, with half-bar attached. 

No. 277 — This is a very light front foot bar shoe, for trotter 
or pacer. 

No. 278 — This is a hind foot shoe with drop crease. 

No. 279 — This is a hind foot shoe or can be used on front 
foot, with bar raised ¥4 inch at heels and clear across to take the 
strain off of ankle or tendons when inflamed or very sore. - 

No. 280 — This is a hind foot shoe with toe and side weight 
combined. I use this in bad cases of hitchers and use from 2 to z l / 2 
oz. more in this shoe than I do on foot that horse does not hitch 
with. 

No. 281 — This is a hind foot shoe for trotter or pacer. 

No. 282 — This is a shoe designed by Wm. Russell as a toe- 
dragging or forging shoe. 

No. 283 — This is another style of side-weight hind shoe for 
interfering. 



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ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 



BRIEF OUTLINE OF ANATOMY OF THE FOOT. 



ADAPTED FROM THE SUBJECT-MATTER OP THIS CHAPTER. 

It should be studied by all who wish to get a brief, con- 
nected view of the principal parts and practical workings 
of the locomotory apparatus of the horse. 

Q. 1. What constitutes the apparatus of locomotion? 

A. The bones and muscles co-operating with the vital 
organism. 

Q. 2. What does the"foot" or "digital region" imply? 

A. It includes the ankle from the fetlock down, com- 
prised in a single hoof. 

Q. 3. What bones enter into its formation? 

A. The lower end of the cannon, the two sesamoids, up- 
per and lower pasterns ; navicular and coffin-bones form the 
skeleton on which the other structures are built. 

Q. 4. How do these co-operate? 

A. They concur to form joints,, which provide for the 
necessary motion. 

Q. 5. Name the joints of the foot or digit. 

A. There are three of them — the fetlock, pastern, and 
coffin joints, made by the union of two or more bones mov- 
ing one upon the other. 

Q. 6. What completes the jointed processes? 

A. They are held together by ligaments, and are lubri- 
cated by the synovial fluid secreted by the inclosing mem- 
brane. 

Q. 7. What further of their work? 

A. That they are of special importance to the value of 
the animal, and are the parts most subject to impairment 
from injury or disease. 

Q. 8. What muscles co-operate in the foot action? 

A. The two principal muscles that flex or bend the foot 
are the perforatus and perforans, and one principal muscle, 
the front extensor, straightens or thrusts the foot forward, 
(See Figs. 4 and 5.) 

Q. 9. What is the significance of their positions and in- 
sertions? 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 199 

A. Knowing the action of the bones to be straightfor- 
ward and back, we know that the muscles must act on the 
same line. 

Q. 10. What duty do the navicular and small sesamoids 
perform ? 

A. They act as pulleys (and supports annexed to the 
joints) in facilitating the gliding movements of the muscles 
which pass over them. 

Q. 11. What do we understand by the "soft tissues" of 
the foot? 

A. They comprise various organs of cartilage, fibrous or 
elastic tissues for the development of other tissues, and for 
easing concussion on the hard organs. 

Q. 12. What are the principal apparatuses thus referred 
to? 

A. The lateral cartilages, the coronary and plantar cush- 
ions. 

Q. 13. What further do we know concerning them? 

A. The cartilages are pads at the sides of the foot, the 
coronary cushion secretes the horny wall, and the plantar 
cushion acts as a support to the back tendons. 

Q. 14. What are the "sensitive tissues?" 

A. The laminal or leafy tissue and the velvety tissue, 
which are continuous with the membrane covering the en- 
tire foot. 

Q. 15. What is the function of the laminae? 

A. They form the connection between the internal foot 
and the encasing hoof, by dovetailing into the horny leaves 
on the wall, and thus support the action of the two parts. 

Q. 16. What of the velvety tissue? 

A. This is the covering of the sole of the coffin-bone, 
the sensitive sole of the foot, and secretes the outer horny 
sole and frog. 

Q. 17. What relation does the hoof sustain to the foot? 

A. It serves as the outer covering or case, and protects 
the internal parts from external violence. 

Q. 18. What is scientific horseshoing? 

A. It is a noble artificial skill of man working in con- 
junction with nature, to keep the foot in its natural forma- 
tion. The shoe is to protect the foot from external injuries. 



200 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

Q. 19. How many acts are there to be performed before 
the foot is properly shod? 

A. There are three acts required : First, to remove all 
the surplus growth, and properly shape the foot to its natur- 
al form and size. Second, to select a bar of iron or steel, 
make and fit a shoe of suitable weight for which the foot 
and leg requires, and the work the horse has to perform and 
fit properly to the foot. Third, to nail the shoe to the foot. 

Each of these operations must work in entire harmony 
with the rest, otherwise one would undo the others. Thus, 
the shoe must be properly adjusted and accurately driven 
on the foot, or the utility of the preceding acts would be 
destroyed or crippled. 






uc*^ 



Splint 



Extensor tendon 



Great metacarpal cannon or shank 
bone 




Flexor perforans tendon 
Flexor perforatus 
Metacarpal ligament 

Superior sesamoid al 
ligament 



Superior sesamoidal ligament 
Perforans 



Extensor tendon 



Flexor perforatus 



Bifurcation ol the sesa- 
moidal ligament 



Continuation forward of branch of 
the sesamoidal ligament 



Continuation of the above 



Continuation of the flexor perforans 



TENDONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE FORE LEG. 



NERVOUS APPARATUS OF THE DIGITAL REGION. 

NERVES. 
This figure represents the superficial position of the plantar 
nerves on the lateral parts of the phalanges. 

P, Plantar nerve. 

A, Point of emergence of the plantar nerve above the sesa- 
moids. 

B B B, Cartilaginous branch. 
C C C, Cutaneous branch. 

D, Digital artery at the posterior surface of which the nerve 
is set. 
E E, Anastomotic divisions between the cartilaginous branch 

and the cutaneous one. 
F F, Division toward the cartilaginous bulb— bulbous branch. 

G, Tranverse branches behind the metacarpophalangeal ar- 
ticulation, or fetlock joint. 

V, Digital vein. 



VASCULAR APPARATUS OF THE DIGITAL 
REGION. 

VENOUS VESSELS 

The figure shows the disposition of the podophyllous plexus 
and superficial coronary plexus. 

AAA, Podophyllous venous plexus. 

B D, Coronary venous plexus. 

B, Central part of the coronary venous plexus. 

C C, Ascending veins o*f the coronary venous plexus. 

c, Superior Communicating vein between the two super- 
ficial coronary plexus. 

F, Digital vein. 

G G', Roots of the digital vein. 

N, Inferior communicating vein between the two superficial 
coronary plexus. 

N. B. — The other letters in this figure give the indication of the 
position of the ligaments and tendons. 





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212 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

VALUABLE RECEIPTS. 

Bad Strain — Interesting Case. .Hot Salt and Vinegar. 

My most valuable trained horse General, while driven on a 
walk down hill, stepped on a stone, and sprained the tendon so 
seriously that after getting him to the stable, which was only 
thirty or forty rods away, he could scarcely put the foot to the 
ground. As this horse's work was indespensible to me daily in 
addition to being a favorite, it was important to secure the quickest 
possible relief to him. At once a large poultice of hot vinegar and 
salt was put around the foot and ankle. 

The next morning the part was bandaged tightly to support 
the tendons when he was able to walk a little, and went through 
wih his performance fairly well. Soon as over, the bandage was 
taken off, and the hot vinegar and salt put on again. For three 
days had him carried in wagon, in all about thirty miles. Repeat- 
ing the tight bandage when compelled to walk or perform. After 
third day he was able to walk to next town. In a week was well. 
In the week we went over one hundred miles, yet recovery was 
complete, — no treatment better and easily used. 

SEEDY TOE. 

Seedy Toe. — There is a dry, mealy secretion which takes place 
between the horn and the sensitive part of the foot. There is a 
separation of wall from sole. In a simple case open it up, cut down 
to the bottom, and poultice for a few days, remove the pressure 
by cutting down the crust, and fill up with tow and hot tar. Ap- 
ply a mild blister to the coronet. The cure must come from re- 
newed growth of hoof. 

THRUSH 

Is inflammation of the lower structure of the sensible frog, during 
which pus is secreted in place of horn. It arises from acrid mois- 
ture of urine, dung, etc., softening and corroding the frog, and ex- 
tending to the sensitive structures above. Not often much lame- 
ness, but makes the horse show gingerly action. No time should 
be lost, and no case however slight should be neglected. The foot 
must be thoroughly cleaned and all loose, detached parts freely 
removed. The secreting surface should be exposed a calomel 
dusted on and pressed into every crevice with a thin piece of 
wood. Keep the foot dry, and usually not more than two or three 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 213 

dressings will be required to make a cure. If a simple case in its 
early stage, clean the part out, and simply dress with hot 
tar placed in the cleft, with tow, or retained cross slips, 
or, after washing, and the removal of diseased p&Tts apply pow- 
dered sulphate of copper, and fill part with oakum to keep out the 
dirt. This is one of the conditions where action of the frog upon 
the ground will stimulate healthy circulation and cures. 
Best Hoof Ointment. — 

Two parts mutton tallow, 

Two parts white resin, 

Two parts Barbadoes tar, 

One part yellow beeswax, 

One part castor oil. 
Melt the resin and bees-wax together, then add the tallow. 
When melted, add the tar, and stir until cool. Should be used 
after the feet are washed, and have become dry. Rub on with 
hand. This is the favorite remedy in the British army. Prof. 
Gamgee, professor in Edinburgh, Scotland, claims it the best 
known — stands over anything of the kind ever used — says that 
for weak and brittle hoofs, apply about once a week to four days. 
Also good for skin diseases, blotches, cracked huts in winter. 
A Fine Healing Ointment. — 

2y 2 pounds palm oil, 

2 pounds lard, 

y<2 pound gum turpentine, 
Y^ pound beeswax, 

1 pound calamine. 

Simmer altogether over a slow fire, and it will be fit for use. 
Put a little in the wound once a day. Wash the wound with warm 
water and castile soap before applying the ointment. 

Friar's Balsam. — 

Friar's Balsam, or compound tincture benzoin, is made in the 
following manner: — 

3 ouces benzoin, 

2 ounces Storax Balsam, strained, 

1 ounce balsam of tolu, 

y 2 ounce extract of spikes aloes, 

2 pints rectified spirit, 

Macerate for fourteen days, and filter, or strain, throup* dot- 
ting paper. 



2i 4 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

This is one of the old healing combinations that is held by- 
many as having almost magical healing proper-ties, and valued 
very highly. 

Magic Healing Powder. — 

]/ 2 ounce burnt alum, 
i ounce prepared chalk, 

1 drachm pulverized gum camphor, 

2 drachms calamine, pulverized. 
Mix, sprinkle on the sore. 

This cicaterizes a raw surface directly. 

A Fine Healing Combination for old Sores of the Feet is: — 

i ounce tincture of myrrh, 
2 ounces tincture of aloes, 
i pint of water. 
To be applied once a day. 

Th'e simplest and best antiseptic, if available, for wounds or 
punctures of the foot is from I to 3 per cent. Creolin — Pierson's, a 
German preparation considered best, — or I to 2 per cent, carbolic 
acid in water. This is cheap and very good. 

In my opinion the best healing antiseptic is a combination of 
oil, eucalyptus, thymol benzoic, and boric acid diluted with alco- 
hol and water, but the difficulty of making it suitable for use is 
so great as not to be .practical in ordinary hands, but properly com- 
bined and reduced stands over any antiseptic yet used by me. Here 
are the proportions: — 

The Finest and Best Healing Antiseptic I have found is: — 

Boric acid, 30 grains, 

Benzoic acid, 30 grains, 

Oil Eucalyptus, Y / 2 drachm, 

Thymol, 10 grains, 

Gaultheria, 15 grains, 

Alcohol, 2 pints, 

Water, about 2 quarts. 
The difficulty is to make so much water mix with the oils — 
turning white. By adding more alcohol, can overcome this. De- 
stroys all bad odor instantly. If used promptly after an injury, 
no inflammation follows, and heals kindly, and for puncture works 
finely. 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 2I 5 

SORE OR PARTLY FOUNDERED HORSE. 

To make a sore partly foundered horse after standing in ^hop 

until cold and tender go out of the shop free and I we 1. H^when 

warm been driven in with free good action. Unless he goes out 

r q ua™y well or better after being shod your reputat.on w.11 

"^ Ator completing the job hav e ready the following combina- 
tion, in a closely corked bottle. 

One ounce oil origanum, 
One ounce oil spike, 
About 3 ounces alcohol. 
With this swab frog and bottom of foot freely; with hot 
With tins, sw s penetrates the sole, warms up 

may be WO strong. If desirable, reduce by addmg more alcohol, 
^nd apply less of it. DON'T TALK about tins. 

QUITTOR. 

mmmm 

wmmMEm 

poor animal affected. 



216 ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 

DR. MEYER'S SECRET REMEDY. 

The following treatment was given me by Dr. Meyer, of New 
York City, one of the most highly educated and successful veteri- 
nary practitioners in the country, and is undoubtedly foremost 
among the very best known. 

In the first stage of quittor inject into every part carefully two 
or three times a day the following lotion: 
y 2 ounce corrosive sublimate, 
2 drachms Goulard's extract, 
4 ounces alcohol, 
After the fourth day, inject twice a day, equal parts of the 
following mixture: 

2 ounces chlorate potass., 
i ounce permanganate potass., 
y 2 ounce hydrochloric acid, 
8 ounces water. 
A bar shoe should be used for some time, and the diseased 
quarter cut down to keep it from pressure until the foot has be- 
come free from soreness. 

PROF. GAMGEE'S FAMOUS REMEDY. 

I include a remedy by Professor Gamgee of Edinburgh Veter- 
inary College which he says is by far the best for thim ailment; has 
been used by him for many years with unfailing success, 
i drachm corrosive sublimate, 
i ounce alcohol. 

After rubbing and dissolving the sublimate he adds y 2 drachm 
acetate of lead. 

This he injects into every part of the sinus. In about four 
hours he states, the tumor will be found sensibly smaller. After 
a lapse of 12 to 24 hours, and again after a similar interval, a third 
time. He explains, at first all the structures are so engorged, that 
the mixture cannot be forced through the morbid deposit; but in 
proportion as the diseased structures are reached they are de- 
stroyed and shrink, and in each successive application the fluid 
caustic is pressed around the withered, wasted substance until the 
whole comes away in space of a week or little more, when the 
cure is far advanced and thereafter rapidly effected. This in ex- 
planation he states to be the progress of a good cure. Also that 



ARTISTIC HORSE-SHOEING. 217 

sometimes the application has to be repeated several times at in- 
tervals of 2 or 3 days; but where delay is essential, he diminishes 
the activity of the preparation by adding twice the portion of al- 
cohol. I may add again here, this is a good example of the serious 
consequences liable to follow neglect of a cause of injury, that at 
first would have been a very simple matter to check and entirely 
relieve. You cannot be too careful or attentive to looking at 
earliest opportunity to least indication of injury. 

The receipts given here are taken from part of my SPECIAL 
WORK ON THE HORSE, HIS EDUCATION, CARE ,ETC. 



M 



CELEBRATED 

HAY-BUDDEN 

Solid brought Anvils 



FIRST MADE IN AMERICA 




i 






'*|I|^P P ^>^e#^ 




Over 125,000 in Use 



Experience has ProVen their worth and 
demonstrated that the "HAY-BUDDEN" anvils are 
SUPERIOR IN QUALITY, FORM and FINISH to 
any on the market. For Sale by all Dealers. 



RECEIVED GOLD MEDAL, HIGHEST AWARD FOR ANVILS AT 

Omaha, 1898. Pan American, 1901 




Farriers' Regular Anvil, 



BHIfc 



7^~ 









Farriers' Clip Horn Anvil. 

H We call special attention to our FARRIERS' CLIP 
HORN ANVILS. These anvils are the result of years 
of careful study on our part of the Farriers' wants, and 
we are now able to present an anvil that is perfection. 



Hay-Budden Mfg. Co. 

254-278 North Henry St., BROOKLYN, N Y. 



221 



11 A Good Workman is known by his Tools " 

A bad workman quarrels with his Tools, but even a good 

workman quarrels with bad Tools. No workman 

ever quarreled with 

HELLER'S CELEBRATED AMERICAN 
HORSE RASPS and FARRIERS' TOOLS 

THEY MAKE HARD WORK EASY 






Established 1836 

Heller Brothers Co. 

NEWARK, N. J. 



Imitations are cheap-priced but genuine HELLER'S HORSE 

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Established 1836 



Here Are EIGHT Styles Of 
GOOD Pads 

and there are NINE Others to select from 




Pads like these are a BIG HELP in building up 
a Pad business* Horse-Owners like them. 



SHOERS WHO USE 

Morgan & Wright Pads 

are mighty glad of it 
these prosperous pad days 

The Pad business is getting bigger every day. Team owners 
are fast finding out that it pays, and pays big, to protect horses' 
hoofs with pads, and shoers who are using good pads are, as a 
result, building up a permanent and profitable business. 

Morgan & Wright Pads have become very popular, among 
shoers because they actually care for horses' hoofs as they should 
be cared for, and are satisfactory to the horse owners so far as 
durableness is concerned. 

They are easier to fit and run larger than any other brands 
and hence are better money-makers. 

Get your share of this good pad business by using good pads. 

A pad for every purpose— 17 in all. 

Any jobber can supply you 

MORGAN & WRIGHT 

DETROIT 

New York, - - - 214 W. 47th St. 
Philadelphia, - Cor. 13th and Cherry. 

Chicago, 81 Michigan Ave. 

Boston, Motor Mart. 

Atlanta, -."--- 92 No. Pryor 

Dayton, - - - 405-411 E. Third St. . 

St. Louis, - - 538 Vandeventer Ave. 

San Francisco, 423-433 Golden Gate Ave. 

Los Angles. - . 118-122 E. 10th St. 







American Horse Shoe Co. 

PHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY. 







American Horse Shoe Co, 

PHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY. 



227 







American Horse Shoe Co. 

PHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY. 



Scientifc Horse Foot Leveler 

PRICE, $3.00. 

For Sale, Wholesale and Retail, by 

JOHN HOOD CO. 



178 Tremont St. 



IOSTON, MASS. 




MASS 



DIRECTIONS:— No 1 is placed on 
the shoeless foot. No. 2 is in the cen- 
ter of No. 1, showing center of frog. 
No. 3 shows center in front corres- 
ponding to point No. 2. No. 3 shows 
length of toe in inches. Nos. 4 and 5 
give the angle of the foot. You may 
make mistakes with your eye. This 
Leveler makes no mistakes. Cut A 
shows a level foot. Cut B shows a 
space between foot and Leveler, show- 



'0. 1 

ing that the opposite side of the foot is higher and wants paring. 

Do you know that we can help you and increase your business? 

We have received many testimonials endorsing our Scientific Horse 
Foot Leveler. These are all from Horse Shoers. We have a great many 
from Trainers. However, this circular is for the Horse Shoers who wish to 
improve their work. Send for testimonials. 

What would you think of a machinist or carpenter who would tell you 
that they did not need any square or compass; that they could level their 
work and get angles by their eye? Yet that is what the horse shoers claim. 

The Scientific Horse Foot Leveler will do all this, and there are no 
mistakes made. Once get the foot at the right angle and there is no guess- 
work about it. You can get both feet alike every time and it saves time by 
using it, as you do not have to exercise any care or do any guessing. 

To those who send cash with their order, we will furnish an electrotype 
of the cut of the Leveler. A great manj r Western Shoers have used this to 
advertise their business. They use the cut in their local papers, also on 
their billheads. It shows the public that the shoer is up with the times and 
uses all modern improvements. 

Three dollars is a very small price for the Leveler. It is nicely finished 
and nickel-plated. 



229 



The Franklin Steel Works has been 
making the Standard Toe Calks ever since 
1895. As we make nothing but Toe Calks our 
success is dependant on making good Toe Calks. 

Standard Toe Calks Give Satisfaction 

and for this reason more of our Calks are sold 
than the combined sales of other makes. 

The Horse Shoer wants the best he can 

get and he gets what he wants when he buys 
Standard Toe Calks. 

Our factories at Joliet, 111. and Cambridge, 
Mass., are fitted up with every convenience for 
turning out first-class work. 

Standard Toe Calks Give Satisfaction 

Order through your Dealer 

FRANKLIN STEEL WORKS 

JOLIET, ILL- CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 



230 



STANDARD TOE CALKS 

made by 

FRANKLIN STEEL, WORKS 

Factories: 
JOLIET, ILL. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 

BLUNT 




COUNTRY PATTERN 




281 



"W. & B." RUBBER HORSE SHOE 




The "W. & B." Pad Shoe is the only pad shoe in 
the market that can be used that will give the horse the 
same results that your colt always had before he was 
shod. It gives the horse frog pressure, expands the heels, 
relieves tender feet and lessens concussion. 

Prevents corns, and a horse won't slip and strain his 
muscles. These pads keep his feet the same as when a 
colt. You never see a lame horse before we shoe him, 
because he has frog pressure and that is what he wants. 

This shoe prevents all trouble of this kind. We have 
over 14 feet of movement in the horse's feet every time he 
steps and we must keep the feet expanded in order to 
give room and working capacity inside. Try these pads 
and you will always use them. 

THE WHITMAN & BARNES MFG. CO. 

AKRON, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 

For Sale by all Jobbing Houses in Blacksmith Supplies 



232 





Hoof shod with common shoe, show- 
ing frog shrunk from disuse and 
heels contracted from lack of frog 
pressure. 



Photograph from life, of a horse's 
hoof shod with "W. & B." Rubber 
Pad Shoe, showing shoe which has 
been in use three weeks. Note per- 
fect condition of frog. 



Li 



NOT A PAD, BUT A PAD SHOE 



The "W & B." Rubber Pad Shoe consists of a forged steel 
frame with uneven surface both top and bottom, over which is 
firmlv vu canized a cushion of rubber which fills a channel on the 
under side swelling out at the inside of the heels forming solid 
^bberoads which give frog pressure, prevent slipping, and, as 
he Wand h"o arenot covfrSd, allowing them to come m con- 
tact w°fh the ground, they retain the moisture received from tte 
earth and remain in their natural state. ™ ,.™- * h £ under 
Shoe is fitted cold and will wear as long as an ordinary shoe under 
the same conditions. . _„„:i 

HOW TO ORDER,— Send size of shoes wanted, or a pencil 
diagram showing size of hoof. 

CONVENIENCE OF SUPPLY.— Any horseshoer can obtain 
the -W & B " Rubber Pad Horse Shoes and put them on a 
reasonable prices. For the accommodation of shoers a stock is 
carded b^he leading wholesale supply dealers^ We invite cor- 
respondence from horse owners who have any difficulty in obtain- 
ing these shoes. 

THE WHITMAN &. BARNES MFG. CO. 

AKRON, CHICAGO AND NEW YORK. 



No. 400 Champion Steel Blacksmith Blower 



Tho Nn Aflfl with Fan win s attached 

I IIC I1U. tUU hasasix(6)in . diame ter 
ChampiOll Spiral Gear, riding the 

Cniral ^haft Spiral shaft len g thwise > 
OUIICll Olldll W hich meansthat eight (8) 

full teeth of the Spiral Gear continuously mesh 

Into eight (8) full teeth of the Spiral Shaft. This 

gives the gearing GIANT strength just where it 

must be for a durable high-speed gearing, and 

where all other high -spsed gearings are weak. 




Spiral 



U. S. Patent 
Nos. 

676.322 34,882 

676.323 34,883 

676.324 34,884 

34.880 34,885 

34.881 697,629 
Great Britain 
Pat. No. 9,662 




The Adjustable r^ 

Ball BearingS Steel Blowers 

and Steel Forges are also specially 
built for high speed bearings. The 
Cups and Cones are lathe-turned 
from the solid steel bar hardened as 
hard as glass, and then ground and 
polished to the highest possible 
finish, which makes durable and 
perfect high-speed Adjustable Bear- 
ings. 

The No 400 Gearing and 
Bearings are built with two 
objects in view, namely: 
HIGHEST SPEED and DURA- 
BILITY. 

The "Whirlwind" Blast 

Anti-Clinker Heavy Nest Tuyere 
Iron is now furnished with 
the No. 400 Champion Steel 
Blower WITHOUT EXTRA COST. 



No. 400. 



Write for Catalogue. 



THE CHAMPION BLOWER & FORGE CO., LANCASTER, PA, 



CHAMPION 

SELF-FEED AND LEVER-FEED DRILLS 

Made in Six Styles and Sizes. 



<£.::: 




Combination 
Automatic Self- 
Feed and ^ever- 
Feed Drill, Pat- 
ent No. 767,282, 
August 9, 1904. 



Combination Auto- 
matic Self-Feed and 
Lever -Feed Drill, 
Patent No. 767 
August 9, 1904. 



NO. 200 




NO. 203 



SELF-FEED AND LEVER-FEED SAVE 



In Time and Labor by Instantaneous, 
Quick Return of the Drill Bit with 
both Self-Feed and Lever-Feed, and 
Of Time is Gained by use of the 
ADJUSTABLE LEVER in drilling small 
holes, reaming or counter-sinking. 

REMEMBER there is no TURNING BACK of the FEED 
Screw NUT WITH EITHER FEED. 

WRITE FOR CATALOGUE. 



95 
50, 



THE CHAMPION BLOWER & FORGE CO., LANCASTER, PA. 



INDEX 



A PAGE 

Anatomy of the Foot 13 

Angle of the Foot. . .27, 39, 86, 87 
Appetite, Loss of 149 

B 

Balling- 130 

Bar Shoe 41 

Blister 143 

Blood," To Stop 149 

Bone, Cannon 27 

Bone, Coffin 25, 27 

Bones, Coronary 27 

Bones, Sesamoid 27 

Bones of the Foot .... 25 

Bots 139 

Bridle (Handling) 81, 82 

C 

Cannon Bone 27 

Castration 122 

Clinching Tool 81 

Coffin Bone . .. . . % 25 

Coffin Bone, Diseased 89, 90 

Cold vs. Hot Fitting 94 

Colic 139 

Colt's Shoe 64, 65 

Contraction, Bad Case of. .... 101 
Contraction of Neck Tendons . 146 

Corns. 123 

Coronary Bones 27 

D 

Diabetes 146 

Distemper 140 

E 

Eye, Discharge from 137 

Eye Lotion 134 

Eye Wash 134 

Eyes, (Weak) 133 



F PAG L 

Farcy 10$, 146 

Feet, Tender 134 

Fever (Lung) 135 

Fitting the Shoe 38 

Fire, To save Horses from 133 

Foot, Anatomy of 13 

Foot, Bones of 25 

Foot, Deformed 97, 98 

Foot (Perfect), front view of . . 91 
Foot with section of wall re- 
moved 98, 99 

Forging 35 

Founder 140 

Frog Band 17 

Frog, Horny 16 

Frog must not be cut 40 

Frog, Sensitive 16 

G 

Gargling Oil 148 

Glanders 103 

Glanders in man 112 

Grease 108, 109 

H 

Half Bar Shoe 45 

Handling Bridle 81, 82 

Head (Big).... 149 

Heaves 147 

Hide-bound Horses 13C 

Hip, Knocking down of 119 

Hoof-bound Feet 134 

Hoofs, Dark 23 

Hoof Evil 136 

Hoof, How it grows 29 

Hoof Liquid 135 

Hoof, Obliquity of , 21 

Hoof Ointment 135 

Hoof, Wear of 31 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Horn, Different kinds of 15 

Horny Sole 15 

Horny Frog 15 

Horses, How to Buy 129 

Horses, Hide-bound. 130 

Horses in a state of nature 10 

Horse, Names of different parts 

of body of 83 

Horses (old), To make young. . 145 

Horses, To fat quick 147 

Horses, To Spot Black 148 

Horses, To Castrate 143 

Horse (Wild), To tame 143 

Horseshoeing, Ancient 9 

I 

Interfering, Shoe to Pre- 
vent 49, 50 

Introduction 5 

K 

Kidney, Disease of 138 

Knees Broken 117, 141 

Knee-knocking Shoe 52 

Knee Sprung Horses, To Cure 150 
Knee Sprung Horses, To Shoe 37 
Knuckling, To Cure 150 

L 

Lameness Cured by Proper 

Shoeing 13 

Laminas 27 

Lampers 145 

Leg, Dissected 27 

Leveling Plate 35 

Lice, To Kill.." 149 

Liniment, Black 138 

Liniment, General 141 

Liniment. Johnston's 144 

Lockjaw 148 

Lockjaw, How caused 93, 94 

Lung Fever 135 

M 

MilkLeg 142 

Mouth, Sore 138 

Mules 126 

N 

Nerving. 122 

Nails, How to drive 93 



PAGE 

Nails, Results of using poor 
ones 87, 88 

O 

Ointment, Blue 137 

Ointment, Green 144 

Ointment, Iodine 142 

Ointment, Sloan's 145 

Ointment, White 13^ 

P 
Paddling and Knocking, To 

Prevent 68, 69 

Pasterns 25, 27 

Periople 17 

Physic Ball 142 

Plate for Leveling 35 

Plate for Running Horses. .79, 80 

Powders, Condition 147 

Powders for Cleansing 136 

Q 

Quarter Crack, To Shoe f or . . . 45 
Quittor 120 

R 

Ring-bone, To Shoe for 55 

Rheumatism 147 

Ruptures 122 

S 

Scratches, To Cure 128 

Sensitive Frog 16 

Sesamoid Bones 27 

Shell, Very Thin 92 

Shoes, Ancient Arabian 10 

Shoe (Bar) 45 

Shoe, Concave 59, 60 

Shoe for Colts 64, 65 

Shoe for Flat Feet 58 

Shoe for Kne^-k nocking 52 

Shoe for Stifle 62 

Shoe for Tender Feet 55, 56 

Shoe for Trotters 63, 64 

Shoe, Half Bar 45 

Shoeing a Knee Sprung Horse 37 

Shoeing to correct faulty action '35 

Shoeing to cure Lameness 35 

Shoes, Modern Arabian 10 

Shoes, Modern Moorish 11 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Shoes, Modern Persian 11 

Shoes, Modern Portuguese. ... 11 

Shoes, Old English 12 

Shoes of Raw Hide 9 

Shoe, Plain Hind 78 

Shoe, (Side Weight) 51 

Shoe, Side Weight and Bar 

combined 53, 54 

Shoe (Toe Weight) 46 

Shoe to make a horse travel 

square 60 

Shoe to prevent interfering... 49 
Shoe to prevent paddling and 

knocking 68, 69 

Shoe with double half bar. .72, 73 

Shoe with Extension Calk. .56, 57 

Shoe with four Calks 54 

Shoe with Half Bar and Side 

i Weight combined. 77, 78 

Shoe with plate attached. ..61, 62 

Shoe with Rolling Motion.. 71, 75 

»ihoe with three Calks 66 

Shoe with three Calks 76, 77 

Side Weight and Bar Shoe 

combined 53, 54 

Side Weight Shoe 51 

Side Weights and Toe Weights 

combined . . . . : 74 

Sole, Horny 15 

Spavins. Proper Shoe for 55 

Spavin Remedy 143 

Stifle Shoe 62, 63 



PAGH 

Stomach, Sick 140 

Strains 112 

Strain of Shoulder 113, 131 

Strain of the Stifle 114 

Strain of the Whirl-bone 114 

String Halt 130 

T 

Tender Feet, Shoe for 55, 56 

Thrush 138 

Thumps 149 

Toe Crack 96 

Toe Tips 43 

Toe-Weight Shoe 46 

Toe Weight and Side Weight 

combined 67 

Toe-Weight Shoe with Roll- 
ing Motion 70, 71 

Tool for Clinching 81 

Trotting Plate 63, 64 

U 
Urine, Stoppage of 148 

W 

Wall of the Foot 14 

Warts, To Remove 139 

Wind -broken Horses 132 

Wind Galls, To Cure 132 

Worms 141 

Wounds, Fresh 144 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 



PAGE 

American Horse Shoe Co 226, 227, 228 

Capewell Horse Nail Co 218, 219 

Champion Blower & Forge Co Opp. 234 

Franklin Steel Works 230, 231 

Hay-Budden Mfg. Co 220, 221 

Heller Bros. Co 222, 223 

John Hood Co 229 

Morgan & Wright 224, 225 

Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co 232,233 



